scholarly journals Glassy Carbon Microelectrode Arrays Enable Voltage-Peak Separated Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine and Serotonin Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

The Analyst ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Castagnola ◽  
Sanitta Thongpang ◽  
Mieko Hirabayashi ◽  
Giorgio Nava ◽  
Surabhi Nimbalkar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Electrochemical Detection ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Microelectrode Arrays ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Voltage Peak

Progress in real-time, simultaneous in vivo detection of multiple neurotransmitters will help accelerate advances in neuroscience research. The need for development of probes capable of stable electrochemical detection of rapid...

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Detection of Neurotransmitters

Chemosensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Si ◽  
Edward Song
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
In Vivo Detection ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Materials Used

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that act as messengers in the synaptic transmission process. They are essential for human health and any imbalance in their activities can cause serious mental disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Hence, monitoring the concentrations of various neurotransmitters is of great importance in studying and diagnosing such mental illnesses. Recently, many researchers have explored the use of unique materials for developing biosensors for both in vivo and ex vivo neurotransmitter detection. A combination of nanomaterials, polymers, and biomolecules were incorporated to implement such sensor devices. For in vivo detection, electrochemical sensing has been commonly applied, with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry being the most promising technique to date, due to the advantages such as easy miniaturization, simple device architecture, and high sensitivity. However, the main challenges for in vivo electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors are limited target selectivity, large background signal and noise, and device fouling and degradation over time. Therefore, achieving simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitters in real time with long-term stability remains the focus of research. The purpose of this review paper is to summarize the recently developed sensing techniques with the focus on neurotransmitters as the target analyte, and to discuss the outlook of simultaneous detection of multiple neurotransmitter species. This paper is organized as follows: firstly, the common materials used for developing neurotransmitter sensors are discussed. Secondly, several sensor surface modification approaches to enhance sensing performance are reviewed. Finally, we discuss recent developments in the simultaneous detection capability of multiple neurotransmitters.

Solar Exfoliated Graphene Oxide: A Platform for Electrochemical Sensing of Epinephrine

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renjini Sadhana ◽  
Pinky Abraham ◽  
Anithakumary Vidyadharan
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Glassy Carbon Electrode ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Differential Pulse ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode ◽  
Reduced Graphene ◽  
Pulse Voltammetry

Introduction: In this study, solar exfoliated graphite oxide modified glassy carbon electrode was used for the anodic oxidation of epinephrine in a phosphate buffer medium at pH7. The modified electrode showed fast response and sensitivity towards Epinephrine Molecule (EP). The electrode was characterized electrochemically through Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). Area of the electrode enhanced three times during modification and studies reveal that the oxidation process of EP occurs by an adsorption controlled process involving two electrons. The results showed a detection limit of 0.50 ± 0.01μM with a linear range up to 100 μM. The rate constant calculated for the electron transfer reaction is 1.35 s-1. The electrode was effective for simultaneous detection of EP in the presence of Ascorbic Acid (AA) and Uric Acid (UA) with well-resolved signals. The sensitivity, selectivity and stability of the sensor were also confirmed. Methods: Glassy carbon electrode modified by reduced graphene oxide was used for the detection and quantification of epinephrine using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Results: The results showed an enhancement in the electrocatalytic oxidation of epinephrine due to the increase in the effective surface area of the modified electrode. The anodic transfer coefficient, detection limit and electron transfer rate constant of the reaction were also calculated. Conclusion: The paper reports the determination of epinephrine using reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode through CV and DPV. The sensor exhibited excellent reproducibility and repeatability for the detection of epinephrine and also its simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid and uric acid, which coexist in the biological system.

scholarly journals Corrigendum: In vivo Hippocampal Serotonin Dynamics in Male and Female Mice: Determining Effects of Acute Escitalopram Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Saylor ◽  
Melinda Hersey ◽  
Alyssa West ◽  
Anna Marie Buchanan ◽  
Shane N. Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice

Striatal low-threshold spiking interneurons locally gate dopamine during learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth N. Holly ◽  
M. Felicia Davatolhagh ◽  
Rodrigo A. España ◽  
Marc V. Fuccillo
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Dopamine Release ◽  
Striatal Dopamine ◽  
Operant Learning ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Dorsomedial Striatum

Low-threshold spiking interneurons (LTSIs) in the dorsomedial striatum are potent modulators of goal-directed learning. Here, we uncover a novel function for LTSIs in locally and directly gating striatal dopamine, using in vitro fast scan cyclic voltammetry as well as in vivo GRAB-DA sensor imaging and pharmacology during operant learning. We demonstrate that LTSIs, acting via GABAB signaling, attenuate dopamine release, thereby serving as local coordinators of striatal plasticity.

scholarly journals In vivo Hippocampal Serotonin Dynamics in Male and Female Mice: Determining Effects of Acute Escitalopram Using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel A. Saylor ◽  
Melinda Hersey ◽  
Alyssa West ◽  
Anna Marie Buchanan ◽  
Shane N. Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice

scholarly journals Design Choices for Next-Generation Neurotechnology Can Impact Motion Artifact in Electrophysiological and Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry Measurements

Micromachines ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Nicolai ◽  
Nicholas Michelson ◽  
Megan Settell ◽  
Seth Hara ◽  
James Trevathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Motion Artifact ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Flexible Electrodes ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings

Implantable devices to measure neurochemical or electrical activity from the brain are mainstays of neuroscience research and have become increasingly utilized as enabling components of clinical therapies. In order to increase the number of recording channels on these devices while minimizing the immune response, flexible electrodes under 10 µm in diameter have been proposed as ideal next-generation neural interfaces. However, the representation of motion artifact during neurochemical or electrophysiological recordings using ultra-small, flexible electrodes remains unexplored. In this short communication, we characterize motion artifact generated by the movement of 7 µm diameter carbon fiber electrodes during electrophysiological recordings and fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) measurements of electroactive neurochemicals. Through in vitro and in vivo experiments, we demonstrate that artifact induced by motion can be problematic to distinguish from the characteristic signals associated with recorded action potentials or neurochemical measurements. These results underscore that new electrode materials and recording paradigms can alter the representation of common sources of artifact in vivo and therefore must be carefully characterized.

scholarly journals Development of the Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry

2009 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. Bledsoe ◽  
Christopher J. Kimble ◽  
Daniel P. Covey ◽  
Charles D. Blaha ◽  
Filippo Agnesi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Flow Injection ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Dopamine Release ◽  
Functional Neurosurgery ◽  
Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry ◽  
Stimulation Of

Object Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that modulation of specific central neuronal systems contributes to the clinical efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and motor cortex stimulation (MCS). Real-time monitoring of the neurochemical output of targeted regions may therefore advance functional neurosurgery by, among other goals, providing a strategy for investigation of mechanisms, identification of new candidate neurotransmitters, and chemically guided placement of the stimulating electrode. The authors report the development of a device called the Wireless Instantaneous Neurotransmitter Concentration System (WINCS) for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring during functional neurosurgery. This device supports fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at a carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFM) for real-time, spatially and chemically resolved neurotransmitter measurements in the brain. Methods The FSCV study consisted of a triangle wave scanned between −0.4 and 1 V at a rate of 300 V/second and applied at 10 Hz. All voltages were compared with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The CFM was constructed by aspirating a single carbon fiber (r = 2.5 μm) into a glass capillary and pulling the capillary to a microscopic tip by using a pipette puller. The exposed carbon fiber (that is, the sensing region) extended beyond the glass insulation by ~ 100 μm. The neurotransmitter dopamine was selected as the analyte for most trials. Proof-of-principle tests included in vitro flow injection and noise analysis, and in vivo measurements in urethane-anesthetized rats by monitoring dopamine release in the striatum following high-frequency electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle. Direct comparisons were made to a conventional hardwired system. Results The WINCS, designed in compliance with FDA-recognized consensus standards for medical electrical device safety, consisted of 4 modules: 1) front-end analog circuit for FSCV (that is, current-to-voltage transducer); 2) Bluetooth transceiver; 3) microprocessor; and 4) direct-current battery. A Windows-XP laptop computer running custom software and equipped with a Universal Serial Bus–connected Bluetooth transceiver served as the base station. Computer software directed wireless data acquisition at 100 kilosamples/second and remote control of FSCV operation and adjustable waveform parameters. The WINCS provided reliable, high-fidelity measurements of dopamine and other neurochemicals such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and ascorbic acid by using FSCV at CFM and by flow injection analysis. In rats, the WINCS detected subsecond striatal dopamine release at the implanted sensor during high-frequency stimulation of ascending dopaminergic fibers. Overall, in vitro and in vivo testing demonstrated comparable signals to a conventional hardwired electrochemical system for FSCV. Importantly, the WINCS reduced susceptibility to electromagnetic noise typically found in an operating room setting. Conclusions Taken together, these results demonstrate that the WINCS is well suited for intraoperative neurochemical monitoring. It is anticipated that neurotransmitter measurements at an implanted chemical sensor will prove useful for advancing functional neurosurgery.

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