AFM-IR probing the influence of polarization on the expression of protein within single macrophages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhibin Liu ◽  
Huarong Zeng ◽  
Kunqi Xu ◽  
Kunyu Zhao ◽  
Zhi Fu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Biological Functions

Macrophages are essential in innate immunity and involved in a variety of biological functions. It is well known that phenotypic polarization of macrophages influences its immune function through polarization progress,...

Does innate immune function decline with age in captive ruffs Philomachus pugnax?

2013 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Nebel ◽  
Deborah M. Buehler ◽  
Shawn Kubli ◽  
David B. Lank ◽  
Christopher G. Guglielmo
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Philomachus Pugnax ◽  
Optimal Resource ◽  
Rate Of Decline ◽  
Body Temperature Increase ◽  
The Cost

Immunosenescence, the decline of immune function with age, results in increased risk of infection as an individual ages. The underlying reasons are still poorly understood. Here, we ask whether the rate of decline of an immune indicator is positively correlated with the cost of maintaining it, as predicted by optimal resource allocation theory. Using 30 female ruffs Philomachus pugnax ranging in age from 0.5-12 years we found no effect of age on five indicators of constitutive innate immunity, which is cheap to use and maintain. Body temperature increase following injection with lipopolysaccharide is an indicator of induced innate immunity, which is energetically expensive, and showed a curvilinear relationship with age, with a maximum in middle-aged birds. Our results suggest that changes in immune function with age may depend on the energetic cost of using an immune trait.

scholarly journals New aspects of the structure and mode of action of the human cathelicidin LL-37 revealed by the intrinsic probe p-cyanophenylalanine

2015 ◽  
Vol 465 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Xhindoli ◽  
Francesca Morgera ◽  
Ursula Zinth ◽  
Roberto Rizzo ◽  
Sabrina Pacor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Biological Membranes ◽  
Biological Functions

In the present study, multiple biophysical methods were used to investigate the propensity of the human innate immunity peptide, LL-37, to self-assemble in solution or in the presence of biological membranes, as a key feature of its multiple biological functions.

scholarly journals Predictors and immunological correlates of sublethal mercury exposure in vampire bats

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 170073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Becker ◽  
Matthew M. Chumchal ◽  
Alexandra B. Bentz ◽  
Steven G. Platt ◽  
Gábor Á. Czirják ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Bacterial Killing ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
Diet Sampling ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Mercury (Hg) is a pervasive heavy metal that often enters the environment from anthropogenic sources such as gold mining and agriculture. Chronic exposure to Hg can impair immune function, reducing the ability of animals to resist or recover from infections. How Hg influences immunity and susceptibility remains unknown for bats, which appear immunologically distinct from other mammals and are reservoir hosts of many pathogens of importance to human and animal health. We here quantify total Hg (THg) in hair collected from common vampire bats ( Desmodus rotundus ), which feed on blood and are the main reservoir hosts of rabies virus in Latin America. We examine how diet, sampling site and year, and bat demography influence THg and test the consequences of this variation for eight immune measures. In two populations from Belize, THg concentrations in bats were best explained by an interaction between long-term diet inferred from stable isotopes and year. Bats that foraged more consistently on domestic animals exhibited higher THg. However, relationships between diet and THg were evident only in 2015 but not in 2014, which could reflect recent environmental perturbations associated with agriculture. THg concentrations were low relative to values previously observed in other bat species but still correlated with bat immunity. Bats with higher THg had more neutrophils, weaker bacterial killing ability and impaired innate immunity. These patterns suggest that temporal variation in Hg exposure may impair bat innate immunity and increase susceptibility to pathogens such as bacteria. Unexpected associations between low-level Hg exposure and immune function underscore the need to better understand the environmental sources of Hg exposure in bats and the consequences for bat immunity and susceptibility.

Immunolocalization and Correlation Frequencies of Lingual Antimicrobial Peptide and Lactoferrin in Bovine Alveolar Epithelium and Bovine Mammary Gland

2013 ◽  
Vol 781-784 ◽  
pp. 699-708
Author(s):  
Ya Qiong Huang ◽  
Naoki Isobe ◽  
Yukinori Yoshimura ◽  
Kenji Hosoda
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Alveolar Epithelium ◽  
Antigen Retrieval ◽  
Mammary Tissue

Mastitis is most critical disease in dairy cows and causes huge cost in the dairy industry. To prevent and treat it, it is important to understand the mechanisms of immune function in the mammary gland. Innate immunity is non-specific acute-response immune function. Some components of innate immunity in the mammary gland are found, e.g. Lingual Antimicrobial Peptide (LAP), Lactoferrin (LF). These components are found to be localized in the alveolar epithelium of mammary gland. LAP belongs to the β-defensin family, and plays a crucial role in killing a large variety of microorganisms. LF belongs to an iron-binding glycoprotein and has antibacterial activity. It is reported that LF has been localized immunohistochemically in mammary epithelial cells of lactating cows. Our previous study revealed that secretion of LAP into milk proceeded to that of LF after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection into the mammary gland. From this result, it is hypothesized that immunohistochemistry probably shows positive to either LF or LAP but not both in the alveolus vs epithelium in the mammary gland. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the immunolocalization of LAP and LF in the same bovine mammary tissue. Bovine mammary tissues were collected in the slaughterhouse and were fixed with neutralized formalin immediately. Paraffin sections (2-um thickness) were processed with antigen retrieval treatment followed by blocking with casein milk. Sections were cultured with LF antibody or LAP antibody. Immunoreaction products were visualized by incubation with a DAB. LAP and LF were localized in the cytoplasm of epithelial cell of alveolus. In some cases, LAP and LF were seen clearly in the same alveoli of section. In other cases, some epithelial cells were stained only LAP, but not LF, and other epithelial cells of alveolus were stained only LF, but not LAP. These results suggest the possibility that LAP and LF are differentially synthesized in the alveolar epithelium and may support our previous findings that their secretion occurs at the different time course.

scholarly journals Constitutive innate immunity of tropical House Wrens varies with season and reproductive activity

The Auk ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Irene Tieleman ◽  
Maaike A Versteegh ◽  
Kirk C Klasing ◽  
Joseph B Williams
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
E Coli ◽  
House Wrens ◽  
High Resource ◽  
Risk Of Disease

AbstractIn lowland Neotropical regions, where air temperature and day length remain relatively constant year round, seasonality is determined primarily by changes in rainfall. The wet season triggers the start of breeding for many Neotropical birds but also alters the antigenic environment, likely increasing the risk of disease transmission. We explored 2 hypotheses about temporal variation in constitutive innate immunity of a Neotropical bird, the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon). The antigen response hypothesis proposes that Neotropical wrens upregulate their immune function in the wet season either in anticipation of or in response to vectors that become more prevalent. The resource constraint hypothesis proposes that during periods of putative high resource demand, such as when parents are feeding young, immune function should be compromised and downregulated. Controlling for reproductive stage, we found that microbicidal capacity of blood against Escherichia coli was higher in the wet than the dry season, consistent with the antigen response hypothesis. Phagocytosis of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus did not differ between wet and dry seasons. Microbicidal capacity and H/L ratio of tropical House Wrens did not vary among reproductive stages, and our data offered no support for the idea that immune function is compromised during the period when parents are feeding young.

scholarly journals Biological Functions of the Novel Collectins CL-L1, CL-K1, and CL-P1

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuki Ohtani ◽  
Yasuhiko Suzuki ◽  
Nobutaka Wakamiya
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Surfactant Proteins ◽  
Carbohydrate Recognition Domain ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Embryonic Morphogenesis ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Mannan Binding Lectin ◽  
Binding Lectin

Collectins are characterized by a collagen-like sequence and a carbohydrate recognition domain and are members of the vertebrate C-type lectin superfamily. Recently, “novel collectins”, different from “classical collectins” consisting of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D), have been found by reverse genetics. These “novel collectins” consist of collectin liver 1 (CL-L1), collectin kidney 1 (CL-K1), and collectin placenta 1 (CL-P1) and are encoded by three separate genes. Experimental findings on human and animal collectins have shown that both novel collectins and classical collectins play an important role in innate immunity. Based on our recent results and those of others, in this paper, we summarize the new biological functions of these novel collectins in embryonic morphogenesis and development.

scholarly journals Cellular Deubiquitylating Enzyme: A Regulatory Factor of Antiviral Innate Immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sijing Long ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
Wei Dang ◽  
Shuyu Xin ◽  
Mingjuan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Regulatory Factor ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Antiviral Innate Immunity ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasomes ◽  
Substrate Proteins

Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that crack the ubiquitin code from ubiquitylated substrates to reverse the fate of substrate proteins. Recently, DUBs have been found to mediate various cellular biological functions, including antiviral innate immune response mediated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and NLR Family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. So far, many DUBs have been identified to exert a distinct function in fine-tuning antiviral innate immunity and are utilized by viruses for immune evasion. Here, the recent advances in the regulation of antiviral responses by DUBs are reviewed. We also discussed the DUBs-mediated interaction between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and antiviral innate immunity. The understanding of the mechanisms on antiviral innate immunity regulated by DUBs may provide therapeutic opportunities for viral infection.

scholarly journals Proteolysis triggers self-assembly and unmasks innate immune function of a human α-defensin peptide

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1738-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phoom Chairatana ◽  
Hiutung Chu ◽  
Patricia A. Castillo ◽  
Bo Shen ◽  
Charles L. Bevins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Cell Invasion ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cell Invasion ◽  
Unique Peptide ◽  
Self Assembling

Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) is a unique peptide of the defensin family that provides innate immunity in the intestine by self-assembling to form higher-order oligomers that entrap bacteria and prevent host cell invasion.

scholarly journals Autotomy reduces immune function and antioxidant defence

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Slos ◽  
Marjan De Block ◽  
Robby Stoks
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Indirect Interactions ◽  
Antioxidant Defence ◽  
Impaired Mobility ◽  
Antipredator Defence

Costs of autotomy, an antipredator defence, are typically explained by impaired mobility; yet physiologically mediated costs may also play a role. Given the resemblance to wounding, a decreased immune function and an associated reduction in antioxidant defence is expected after autotomy. In line with this, after lamellae autotomy, larvae of the damselfly Lestes viridis showed lower levels of innate immunity (i.e. phenoloxidase, PO) and antioxidant defence (superoxide dismutase, SOD). Levels of catalase (CAT) remained, however, unaffected. In line with its cytotoxicity, PO covaried positively with CAT, yet negatively with SOD. We identified a novel cost of autotomy in terms of a reduced innate immunity, which may provide an alternative explanation for the often observed costs of autotomy and which may generate indirect interactions between predators and parasites.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document