Intercalation materials for secondary batteries based on alkali metal exchange: developments and perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (33) ◽  
pp. 16854-16883
Author(s):  
Christian Heubner ◽  
Tobias Lein ◽  
Michael Schneider ◽  
Alexander Michaelis
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Metal Exchange ◽  
Intercalation Materials

This review highlights recent insights into and perspectives on intercalation materials for secondary batteries based on alkali-metal exchange techniques.

Lithium - Heavier alkali metal exchange in organolithium compounds induced by alkoxides of heavier alkali metals and reactions occurring in this system

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lubomír Lochmann ◽  
Jiří Trekoval
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Exchange Reaction ◽  
Alkali Metals ◽  
Metal Exchange ◽  
Metal Alkoxides ◽  
Individual State ◽  
Organolithium Compounds ◽  
Reactive Compound ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Derivatives Of

Organolithium compounds of various types undergo an exchange reaction lithium-heavier alkali metal when treated with heavier alkali metal alkoxides. In the presence of a third reactive compound the exchange reaction gives rise to a compound of the third component substituted with the heavier alkali metal. Using this exchange reaction, organic derivatives of heavier alkali metals in the individual state can be easily prepared. The mechanism of such reactions is discussed, and the formation of lithium alkoxide is assumed to contribute significantly to the driving force of the reaction. Organic compounds of heavier alkali metals possess a considerably higher reactivity than organolithium compounds, and are therefore used as reactive intermediates in preparative chemistry, or as polymerization initiators in macromolecular chemistry. This review provides information about the scope and possibilities of this exchange reaction, which has been increasingly widely used in the recent years.

scholarly journals Halide metathesis in overdrive: mechanochemical synthesis of a heterometallic group 1 allyl complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1856-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross F Koby ◽  
Nicholas R Rightmire ◽  
Nathan D Schley ◽  
Timothy P Hanusa ◽  
William W Brennessel
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Coordination Polymer ◽  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Metal Exchange ◽  
Heterometallic Complex ◽  
Metal Centers ◽  
Allyl Complex ◽  
Site Disorder ◽  
Group 1

As a synthesis technique, halide metathesis (n RM + M'X n → R n M' + n MX) normally relies for its effectiveness on the favorable formation of a metal halide byproduct (MX), often aided by solubility equilibria in solution. Owing to the lack of significant thermodynamic driving forces, intra-alkali metal exchange is one of the most challenging metathetical exchanges to attempt, especially when conducted without solvent. Nevertheless, grinding together the bulky potassium allyl [KA']∞ (A' = [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]–) and CsI produces the heterometallic complex [CsKA'2]∞ in low yield, which was crystallographically characterized as a coordination polymer that displays site disorder of the K+ and Cs+ ions. The entropic benefits of mixed Cs/K metal centers, but more importantly, the generation of multiple intermolecular K…CH3 and Cs…CH3 interactions in [CsKA'2]∞, enable an otherwise unfavorable halide metathesis to proceed with mechanochemical assistance. From this result, we demonstrate that ball milling and unexpected solid-state effects can permit seemingly unfavored reactions to occur.

Modeling fine particles and alkali metal compound behavior in a kraft recovery boiler

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
AINO LEPPÄNEN ◽  
ERKKI VÄLIMÄKI ◽  
ANTTI OKSANEN
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Melting Behavior ◽  
Metal Compound ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Particle Model ◽  
Boiler Furnace ◽  
Recovery Boiler

Under certain conditions, ash in black liquor forms a locally corrosive environment in a kraft recovery boiler. The ash also might cause efficiency losses and even boiler shutdown because of plugging of the flue gas passages. The most troublesome compounds in a fuel such as black liquor are potassium and chlorine because they change the melting behavior of the ash. Fouling and corrosion of the kraft recovery boiler have been researched extensively, but few computational models have been developed to deal with the subject. This report describes a computational fluid dynamics-based method for modeling the reactions between alkali metal compounds and for the formation of fine fume particles in a kraft recovery boiler furnace. The modeling method is developed from ANSYS/FLUENT software and its Fine Particle Model extension. We used the method to examine gaseous alkali metal compound and fine fume particle distributions in a kraft recovery boiler furnace. The effect of temperature and the boiler design on these variables, for example, can be predicted with the model. We also present some preliminary results obtained with the model. When the model is developed further, it can be extended to the superheater area of the kraft recovery boiler. This will give new insight into the variables that increase or decrease fouling and corrosion

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