scholarly journals Biofunctional Janus particles promote phagocytosis of tumor cells by macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5323-5327
Author(s):  
Ya-Ru Zhang ◽  
Jia-Qi Luo ◽  
Jia-Xian Li ◽  
Qiu-Yue Huang ◽  
Xiao-Xiao Shi ◽  
...  

A versatile Janus particle platform modified with biological ligands can facilitate tumor cell phagocytosis by macrophages for promising cancer immunotherapy.

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabet Cuyàs ◽  
Sara Verdura ◽  
Begoña Martin-Castillo ◽  
Tomás Alarcón ◽  
Ruth Lupu ◽  
...  

One of the greatest challenges in the cancer immunotherapy field is the need to biologically rationalize and broaden the clinical utility of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The balance between metabolism and immune response has critical implications for overcoming the major weaknesses of ICIs, including their lack of universality and durability. The last decade has seen tremendous advances in understanding how the immune system’s ability to kill tumor cells requires the conspicuous metabolic specialization of T-cells. We have learned that cancer cell-associated metabolic activities trigger shifts in the abundance of some metabolites with immunosuppressory roles in the tumor microenvironment. Yet very little is known about the tumor cell-intrinsic metabolic traits that control the immune checkpoint contexture in cancer cells. Likewise, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how systemic metabolic perturbations in response to dietary interventions can reprogram the immune checkpoint landscape of tumor cells. We here review state-of-the-art molecular- and functional-level interrogation approaches to uncover how cell-autonomous metabolic traits and diet-mediated changes in nutrient availability and utilization might delineate new cancer cell-intrinsic metabolic dependencies of tumor immunogenicity. We propose that clinical monitoring and in-depth molecular evaluation of the cancer cell-intrinsic metabolic traits involved in primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy can provide the basis for improvements in therapeutic responses to ICIs. Overall, these approaches might guide the use of metabolic therapeutics and dietary approaches as novel strategies to broaden the spectrum of cancer patients and indications that can be effectively treated with ICI-based cancer immunotherapy.


Author(s):  
И.Ю. Малышев ◽  
О.П. Буданова ◽  
Л.Ю. Бахтина

Иммунотерапия обеспечивает значительный прогресс в лечении рака, однако, не у всех, и не всегда. В обзоре мы кратко проанализировали основные методы иммунотерапии рака и обозначили новый подход для повышения их эффективности. Проблему иммунотерапии рака мы рассмотрели через призму концепции адаптации к факторам среды. В контексте этой концепции высокая выживаемость опухолевой клетки может быть обусловлена адаптацией к лекарствам и агрессивным факторам иммунитета, таким как свободные радикалы и воспалительные цитокины. В онкологической клинике врач с помощью иммунотерапии пытается усилить иммунитет больного. Эта тактика оправдана, если удается увеличить силу иммунной атаки до уровня, который убивает опухоль. Но если стимулирование иммунитета недостаточно сильное, чтобы убить опухолевую клетку, это приводит к дополнительной адаптации опухоли и повышению ее устойчивости. Отсюда следует важная для клиники гипотеза: снизить выживаемость опухолевых клеток можно с помощью нарушения ее механизмов адаптации. Концепция адаптации предлагает два способа решения: 1) блокировать активацию генов и синтез белков, необходимых для формирования адаптивного системного структурного следа (ССС); и 2) прекратить действие адаптирующих факторов, и благодаря этому вызвать исчезновение ССС, дезадаптацию и утрату опухолью приобретенной устойчивости. Применительно к иммунотерапии рака второй способ порождает, на первый взгляд абсурдную идею, «отключить» иммунную систему на период до стадии дезадаптации опухоли, и только затем применить иммунотерапию к утратившим устойчивость опухолевых клеток. Эта гипотеза нуждается в проверке, но уже сейчас с ней согласуются косвенные данные. Снижение адаптивной устойчивости опухолевых клеток могло бы существенно увеличить антиопухолевый потенциал иммунотерапии рака. Immunotherapy provides significant progress in treatment of cancer although not for all and not always. In this review, we briefly analyzed major immunotherapies for cancer and outlined a new approach to improve their effectiveness. We examined the issue of cancer immunotherapy through the prism of the concept of adaptation to environmental factors. In the context of this concept, the high survival rate of tumor cells may be due to cell adaptation to drugs and aggressive immunity factors, such as free radicals and inflammatory cytokines. In the oncological clinic, physicians try to enhance the patient’s immunity with immunotherapy. This tactic is warranted if the physician would manage to increase the potency of immune attack to a level that kills the tumor. However, if the enhanced power of immunity attack is insufficient to kill a tumor cell, the tumor may additionally adjust and stabilize. Therefore, a clinically important hypothesis ensues: the tumor cell survival may be impaired by disrupting its adaptive mechanisms. The concept of adaptation offers two options: 1) to block activated synthesis of the genes and proteins that are required for formation of an adaptive systemic structural trace (SST) and 2) to stop the action of adapting factors, and, thereby, to erase the SST and induce maladaptation with loss of the acquired resistance of the tumor. With regard to cancer immunotherapy, the second option creates, at the first glance, an absurd idea, to “turn off” the immune system for a period preceding the stage of tumor maladaptation, and only then to apply immunotherapy to the tumor cells that have become less resistant. This hypothesis needs to be verified but some indirect data are already consistent with it. Reducing the adaptive resistance of tumor cells could significantly increase the antitumor potential of cancer immunotherapy.


1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (03) ◽  
pp. 726-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Al-Mondhiry ◽  
Virginia McGarvey ◽  
Kim Leitzel

SummaryThis paper reports studies on the interaction between human platelets, the plasma coagulation system, and two human tumor cell lines grown in tissue culture: Melanoma and breast adenocarcinoma. The interaction was monitored through the use of 125I- labelled fibrinogen, which measures both thrombin activity generated by cell-plasma interaction and fibrin/fibrinogen binding to platelets and tumor cells. Each tumor cell line activates both the platelets and the coagulation system simultaneously resulting in the generation of thrombin or thrombin-like activity. The melanoma cells activate the coagulation system through “the extrinsic pathway” with a tissue factor-like effect on factor VII, but the breast tumor seems to activate factor X directly. Both tumor cell lines activate platelets to “make available” a platelet- derived procoagulant material necessary for the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The tumor-derived procoagulant activity and the platelet aggregating potential of cells do not seem to be inter-related, and they are not specific to malignant cells.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Urszula Smietanka ◽  
Małgorzata Szostakowska-Rodzos ◽  
Sylwia Tabor ◽  
Anna Fabisiewicz ◽  
Ewa A. Grzybowska

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are gaining momentum as a diagnostic tool and therapeutic target. CTC clusters are more metastatic, but harder to study and characterize, because they are rare and the methods of isolation are mostly focused on single CTCs. This review highlights the recent advances to our understanding of tumor cell clusters with the emphasis on their composition, origin, biology, methods of detection, and impact on metastasis and survival. New approaches to therapy, based on cluster characteristics are also described.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Tao Jiang ◽  
Kai-Ge Chen ◽  
An Liu ◽  
Hua Huang ◽  
Ya-Nan Fan ◽  
...  

AbstractModulating effector immune cells via monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and facilitating the co-engagement of T cells and tumor cells via chimeric antigen receptor- T cells or bispecific T cell-engaging antibodies are two typical cancer immunotherapy approaches. We speculated that immobilizing two types of mAbs against effector cells and tumor cells on a single nanoparticle could integrate the functions of these two approaches, as the engineered formulation (immunomodulating nano-adaptor, imNA) could potentially associate with both cells and bridge them together like an ‘adaptor’ while maintaining the immunomodulatory properties of the parental mAbs. However, existing mAbs-immobilization strategies mainly rely on a chemical reaction, a process that is rough and difficult to control. Here, we build up a versatile antibody immobilization platform by conjugating anti-IgG (Fc specific) antibody (αFc) onto the nanoparticle surface (αFc-NP), and confirm that αFc-NP could conveniently and efficiently immobilize two types of mAbs through Fc-specific noncovalent interactions to form imNAs. Finally, we validate the superiority of imNAs over the mixture of parental mAbs in T cell-, natural killer cell- and macrophage-mediated antitumor immune responses in multiple murine tumor models.


BMC Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Chen Huang ◽  
Fang-Rui Liu ◽  
Qiang Feng ◽  
Xin-Yan Pan ◽  
Shu-Ling Song ◽  
...  

Abstract Background We prepared an anti-p21Ras scFv which could specifically bind with mutant and wild-type p21Ras. However, it cannot penetrate the cell membrane, which prevents it from binding to p21Ras in the cytoplasm. Here, the RGD4C peptide was used to mediate the scFv penetration into tumor cells and produce antitumor effects. Methods RGD4C-EGFP and RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv recombinant expression plasmids were constructed to express fusion proteins in E. coli, then the fusion proteins were purified with HisPur Ni-NTA. RGD4C-EGFP was used as reporter to test the factors affecting RGD4C penetration into tumor cell. The immunoreactivity of RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv toward p21Ras was identified by ELISA and western blotting. The ability of RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv to penetrate SW480 cells and colocalization with Ras protein was detected by immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. The antitumor activity of the RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv was assessed with the MTT, TUNEL, colony formation and cell migration assays. Chloroquine (CQ) was used an endosomal escape enhancing agent to enhance endosomal escape of RGD4C-scFv. Results RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv fusion protein were successfully expressed and purified. We found that the RGD4C fusion protein could penetrate into tumor cells, but the tumor cell entry of was time and concentration dependent. Endocytosis inhibitors and a low temperature inhibited RGD4C fusion protein endocytosis into cells. The change of the cell membrane potential did not affect penetrability. RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv could penetrate SW480 cells, effectively inhibit the growth, proliferation and migration of SW480 cells and promote this cells apoptosis. In addition, chloroquine (CQ) could increase endosomal escape and improve antitumor activity of RGD4C-scFv in SW480 cells. Conclusion The RGD4C peptide can mediate anti-p21Ras scFv entry into SW480 cells and produce an inhibitory effect, which indicates that RGD4C-p21Ras-scFv may be a potential therapeutic antibody for the treatment of ras-driven cancers.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya C. Sinha ◽  
Amanda L. Rinkenbaugh ◽  
Mingchu Xu ◽  
Xinhui Zhou ◽  
Xiaomei Zhang ◽  
...  

AbstractThere is an unmet clinical need for stratification of breast lesions as indolent or aggressive to tailor treatment. Here, single-cell transcriptomics and multiparametric imaging applied to a mouse model of breast cancer reveals that the aggressive tumor niche is characterized by an expanded basal-like population, specialization of tumor subpopulations, and mixed-lineage tumor cells potentially serving as a transition state between luminal and basal phenotypes. Despite vast tumor cell-intrinsic differences, aggressive and indolent tumor cells are functionally indistinguishable once isolated from their local niche, suggesting a role for non-tumor collaborators in determining aggressiveness. Aggressive lesions harbor fewer total but more suppressed-like T cells, and elevated tumor-promoting neutrophils and IL-17 signaling, disruption of which increase tumor latency and reduce the number of aggressive lesions. Our study provides insight into tumor-immune features distinguishing indolent from aggressive lesions, identifies heterogeneous populations comprising these lesions, and supports a role for IL-17 signaling in aggressive progression.


Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Lazaros Vasilikos ◽  
Kay Hänggi ◽  
Lisanne M. Spilgies ◽  
Samanta Kisele ◽  
Stefanie Rufli ◽  
...  

In this study, we determined whether Smac mimetics play a role in metastasis, specifically in circulation, tumor extravasation and growth in a metastatic site. Reports suggest inducing the degradation of IAPs through use of Smac mimetics, alters the ability of the tumor cell to metastasize. However, a role for the immune or stromal compartment in affecting the ability of tumor cells to metastasize upon loss of IAPs has not been defined. To address this open question, we utilized syngeneic tumor models in a late-stage model of metastasis. Loss of cIAP1 in the endothelial compartment, rather than depletion of cIAP2 or absence of cIAP1 in the hematopoietic compartment, caused reduction of tumor load in the lung. Our results underline the involvement of the endothelium in hindering tumor cell extravasation upon loss of cIAP1, in contrast to the immune compartment. Endothelial specific depletion of cIAP1 did not lead to cell death but resulted in an unresponsive endothelium barrier to permeability factors causing a decrease in tumor cell extravasation. Surprisingly, lymphotoxin alpha (LTA), and not TNF, secreted by the tumor cells, was critical for the extravasation. Using TCGA, we found high LTA mRNA expression correlated with decreased survival in kidney carcinoma and associated with advanced disease stage. Our data suggest that Smac mimetics, targeting cIAP1/2, reduce metastasis to the lung by inhibiting tumor cell extravasation.


Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 525
Author(s):  
Kwang-Soo Kim ◽  
Dong-Hwan Kim ◽  
Dong-Hyun Kim

Among various immunotherapies, natural killer (NK) cell cancer immunotherapy using adoptive transfer of NK cells takes a unique position by targeting tumor cells that evade the host immune surveillance. As the first-line innate effector cell, it has been revealed that NK cells have distinct mechanisms to both eliminate cancer cells directly and amplify the anticancer immune system. Over the last 40 years, NK cell cancer immunotherapy has shown encouraging reports in pre-clinic and clinic settings. In total, 288 clinical trials are investigating various NK cell immunotherapies to treat hematologic and solid malignancies in 2021. However, the clinical outcomes are unsatisfying, with remained challenges. The major limitation is attributed to the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), low activity of NK cells, inadequate homing of NK cells, and limited contact frequency of NK cells with tumor cells. Innovative strategies to promote the cytolytic activity, durable persistence, activation, and tumor-infiltration of NK cells are required to advance NK cell cancer immunotherapy. As maturing nanotechnology and nanomedicine for clinical applications, there is a greater opportunity to augment NK cell therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of cancers. Active molecules/cytokine delivery, imaging, and physicochemical properties of nanoparticles are well equipped to overcome the challenges of NK cell cancer immunotherapy. Here, we discuss recent clinical trials of NK cell cancer immunotherapy, NK cell cancer immunotherapy challenges, and advances of nanoparticle-mediated NK cell therapeutic efficacy augmentation.


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