scholarly journals New synthetic procedure for the antiviral sulfonate carbosilane dendrimer G2-S16 and its fluorescein-labelled derivative for biological studies

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (34) ◽  
pp. 20083-20088
Author(s):  
Carlos Gutiérrez-Ulloa ◽  
Cornelia E. Peña-González ◽  
Andrea Barrios-Gumiel ◽  
Rafael Ceña-Díez ◽  
M. Jesús Serramía-Lobera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbosilane Dendrimers ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Carbosilane Dendrimer ◽  
Synthetic Procedure

Ethenesulfonyl fluoride (ESF) is a useful reagent to prepare sulfonate carbosilane dendrimers with antiviral properties and labelled dendrimers for biological studies.

scholarly journals Dendritic Nanotheranostic for the Delivery of Infliximab: A Potential Carrier in Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 9101
Author(s):  
Tamara Rodríguez-Prieto ◽  
Borja Hernández-Breijo ◽  
Miguel A. Ortega ◽  
Rafael Gómez ◽  
Javier Sánchez-Nieves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Carbosilane Dendrimers ◽  
Coupling Process ◽  
Carbosilane Dendrimer ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Chemical Coupling ◽  
Affected Tissue

Antibodies are macromolecules that specifically recognize their target, making them good candidates to be employed in various therapies. The possibility of attaching a drug to an immunoglobulin makes it possible to release it specifically into the affected tissue as long as it overexpresses the target. However, chemical coupling could affect the functionality (specificity and affinity) of the antibody. It has been observed that the use of intermediaries, such as dendrimers, could resolve this issue. Because carbosilane dendrimers have aroused great interest in the field of biomedicine, this report describes the synthesis of an anionic carbosilane dendrimer with a fluorochrome on its surface that then forms a conjugate with an antibody. It has been used as immunoglobulin and infliximab, whose target is TNF-α, which is a cytokine that is overexpressed in the inflamed area or even in the blood of patients with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, the integrity and functionality of the antibody has been studied to see if they have been affected after the chemical coupling process.

Synthesis of l-Kynurenine and Homo-l-Kynurenine via an Aza-Fries Rearrangement

Synthesis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (22) ◽  
pp. 3473-3479
Author(s):  
Alfredo Vázquez ◽  
Edgar Bonilla-Reyes ◽  
Adrian Sánchez-Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Primary Metabolite ◽  
Fries Rearrangement ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Proteinogenic Amino Acid ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Synthetic Procedure ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fundamental Transformation

l-Kynurenine, a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is the primary metabolite of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway. Kynurenine is involved in a variety of biological processes occurring in the human body, notably in the central nervous system. Thus, the study of this molecule offers multiple opportunities for drug discovery; however, an essential prelude for biological studies is to secure the supply of kynurenine and analogues thereof. A simple synthetic procedure for the efficient preparation of enantiomerically pure l-kynurenine from l-aspartic acid and its implementation to prepare homo-l-kynurenine from l-glutamic acid is presented. The approach relies on a photochemical aza-Fries rearrangement of the corresponding acyl-aniline as the fundamental transformation.

scholarly journals High Preventive Effect of G2-S16 Anionic Carbosilane Dendrimer against Sexually Transmitted HSV-2 Infection

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 2965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Rodriguez-Izquierdo ◽  
Samanta Gasco ◽  
Maria Angeles Muñoz-Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Vaginal Microbiome ◽  
Preventive Effect ◽  
Carbosilane Dendrimers ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Essential Step ◽  
Carbosilane Dendrimer ◽  
Microbicide Development ◽  
Topical Microbicide

Anionic carbosilane dendrimers such as G2-S16 are very effective in preventing HSV-2 infection both in vitro and in vivo. We present the main achievements obtained for the G2-S16 dendrimer in vivo, especially related to its efficacy against HSV-2 infection. Moreover, we discuss the mechanisms by which the G2-S16 dendrimer applied vaginally as a topical microbicide has been demonstrated to be safe and harmless for the vaginal microbiome balance, as both conditions present an essential step that has to be overcome during microbicide development. This review points to the marked protective effect of the G2-S16 dendrimer against sexually transmitted HSV-2 infection, supporting its role as a possible microbicide against HSV-2 infection.

Modification of the Electron Microscope for Investigation of Fully Hydrated Biological Specimens

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 418-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Moretz ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Vacuum Drying ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Beam Damage

Short lifetime or total absence of electron diffraction of ordered biological specimens is an indication that the specimen undergoes extensive molecular structural damage in the electron microscope. The specimen damage is due to the interaction of the electron beam (40-100 kV) with the specimen and the total removal of water from the structure by vacuum drying. The lower percentage of inelastic scattering at 1 MeV makes it possible to minimize the beam damage to the specimen. The elimination of vacuum drying by modification of the electron microscope is expected to allow more meaningful investigations of biological specimens at 100 kV until 1 MeV electron microscopes become more readily available. One modification, two-film microchambers, has been explored for both biological and non-biological studies.

Design of Sensitive Photographic Materials for the High-Voltage Electron Microscope

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
Murray Vernon King ◽  
Donald F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Radiation Damage ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Radiation Sensitivity ◽  
Fast Electrons ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Effective application of the high-voltage electron microscope to a wide variety of biological studies has been restricted by the radiation sensitivity of biological systems. The problem of radiation damage has been recognized as a serious factor influencing the amount of information attainable from biological specimens in electron microscopy at conventional voltages around 100 kV. The problem proves to be even more severe at higher voltages around 1 MV. In this range, the problem is the relatively low sensitivity of the existing recording media, which entails inordinately long exposures that give rise to severe radiation damage. This low sensitivity arises from the small linear energy transfer for fast electrons. Few developable grains are created in the emulsion per electron, while most of the energy of the electrons is wasted in the film base.

Application of stereological analysis of cell volume to isolated myocytes in culture with and without adrenergic innervation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Jane K. Rosenthal ◽  
Dianne L. Atkins ◽  
William J. Marvin ◽  
Penny A. Krumm
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Myocytes ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Adrenergic Innervation ◽  
Culture Cell ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Newborn Rats ◽  
Primary Culture Cell ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Cell Volumes

To comprehend structural changes in cardiac myocytes accompanying adrenergic innervation, it is essential that a three dimensional analysis be performed. To date, biological studies which utilize stereological methods have been limited to cells in tissue and in organs. Our laboratory has utilized current stereological techniques for measuring absolute volumes of individual myocytes in primary culture. Cell volumes are calculated for two distinct groups of cells at 96 hours in culture: isolated myocytes and myocytes innervated with adrenergic neurons (Figure 1).Cardiac myocytes are cultured from the ventricular apices of newborn rats. Cells are plated directly onto tissue culture dishes with or without preplated explants from the paravertebral thoracolumbar sympathetic chain. On day four cultures are photographed and marked for one-to-one cell location. Following conventional fixation and embeddment in eponate-12, the cells are relocated and mounted for microtomy. The cells are completely sectioned at 120nm in their parallel orientation to the surface of the dish (Figure 2). Serial sections are collected on formvar coated slotted grids and are recorded in sequence.

Catechin derivatives from Parapiptadenia rigida: biological studies and conformational analysis

Planta Medica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Schmidt ◽  
M Fronza ◽  
R Murillo ◽  
V Wray ◽  
G Bringmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Analysis ◽  
Biological Studies

Chemical and biological studies on the methanol extract of Gynura pseudochina var. hispida

Planta Medica ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Siriwatanametanon ◽  
J Prieto ◽  
M Heinrich
Keyword(s):  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Biological Studies
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