scholarly journals Environmental occurrence and risk assessment of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water

RSC Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (47) ◽  
pp. 28267-28276
Author(s):  
Huihui Zhao ◽  
Linyan Yang ◽  
Yejin Li ◽  
Weibo Xue ◽  
Kai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Environmental occurrence, statistical correlation, and human exposure of haloacetic acids in swimming pool water and drinking water were systematically investigated.

scholarly journals Perchlorate Levels in Polish Water Samples of Various Origin

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Przemysław Niziński ◽  
Patrycja Wiśniewska ◽  
Joanna Kończyk ◽  
Rajmund Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Reliable Determination ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Perchlorate ion (ClO4−) is known as a potent endocrine disruptor and exposure to this compound can result in serious health issues. It has been found in drinking water, swimming pools, and surface water in many countries, however, its occurrence in the environment is still poorly understood. The information on perchlorate contamination of Polish waters is very limited. The primary objective of this study was to assess ClO4− content in bottled, tap, river, and swimming pool water samples from different regions of Poland and provide some data on the presence of perchlorate. We have examined samples of bottled, river, municipal, and swimming pool water using the IC–CD (ion chromatography–conductivity detection) method. Limit of detection and limit of quantification were 0.43 µg/L and 1.42 µg/L, respectively, and they were both above the current health advisory levels in drinking water. The concentration of perchlorate were found to be 3.12 µg/L in one river water sample and from 6.38 to 8.14 µg/L in swimming pool water samples. Importantly, the level of perchlorate was below the limit of detection (LOD) in all bottled water samples. The results have shown that the determined perchlorate contamination in Polish drinking waters seems to be small, nevertheless, further studies are required on surface and river samples. The inexpensive, fast, and sensitive IC–CD method used in this study allowed for a reliable determination of perchlorate in the analyzed samples. To the best of our knowledge, there are no other studies seeking to assess the perchlorate content in Polish waters.

scholarly journals Role of calcium ions on the removal of haloacetic acids from swimming pool water by nanofiltration: mechanisms and implications

2017 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 332-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linyan Yang ◽  
Jin Zhou ◽  
Qianhong She ◽  
Man Pun Wan ◽  
Rong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Determination of Dissolved Bromate in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography and Post Column Reaction: Interlaboratory Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1592-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Cordeiro ◽  
Piotr Robouch ◽  
Maria Beatriz de la Calle ◽  
Håkan Emteborg ◽  
Jean Charoud-Got ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ion Chromatography ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Abstract A collaborative study, International Evaluation Measurement Programme®-25a, was conducted in accordance with international protocols to determine the performance characteristics of an analytical method for the determination of dissolved bromate in drinking water. The method should fulfill the analytical requirements of Council Directive 98/83/EC (referred to in this work as the Drinking Water Directive; DWD). The new draft standard method under investigation is based on ion chromatography followed by post-column reaction and UV detection. The collaborating laboratories used the Draft International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/Draft International Standard (DIS) 11206 document. The existing standard method (ISO 15061:2001) is based on ion chromatography using suppressed conductivity detection, in which a preconcentration step may be required for the determination of bromate concentrations as low as 3 to 5 μg/L. The new method includes a dilution step that reduces the matrix effects, thus allowing the determination of bromate concentrations down to 0.5 μg/L. Furthermore, the method aims to minimize any potential interference of chlorite ions. The collaborative study investigated different types of drinking water, such as soft, hard, and mineral water. Other types of water, such as raw water (untreated), swimming pool water, a blank (named river water), and a bromate standard solution, were included as test samples. All test matrixes except the swimming pool water were spiked with high-purity potassium bromate to obtain bromate concentrations ranging from 1.67 to 10.0 μg/L. Swimming pool water was not spiked, as this water was incurred with bromate. Test samples were dispatched to 17 laboratories from nine different countries. Sixteen participants reported results. The repeatability RSD (RSDr) ranged from 1.2 to 4.1%, while the reproducibility RSD (RSDR) ranged from 2.3 to 5.9%. These precision characteristics compare favorably with those of ISO 15601. A thorough comparison of the performance characteristics is presented in this report. All method performance characteristics obtained in the frame of this collaborative study indicate that the draft ISO/DIS 11206 standard method meets the requirements set down by the DWD. It can, therefore, be considered to fit its intended analytical purpose.

scholarly journals Cancer Risk Assessment of Trihalomethanes Exposure in Tap and Swimming Pool Water in Kuantan Hotel

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
M.E.S. Marekan ◽  
A.A. Suhaimi ◽  
N.M. Hussin ◽  
R.A. Romzay
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Cancer Risk Assessment ◽  
Acceptable Risk ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

Chlorination is a common disinfection method for tap and swimming pool water as it is the most effective and low-cost method compared with others. The purpose of the study was to assess cancer risk of THMs exposure in tap and swimming pool water in Kuantan hotels. Temperature and pH were analyzed as an in-situ measurement while the rest of the parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. The concentration of four forms of THMs in tap and swimming pool water analyzed from Hotel X are 1.23ug/L and 1.35ug/L for CHCl3 respectively and none for the CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3. The concentration of four forms of THMs in tap and swimming pool water at Hotel Y are 1.25ug/L and 1.18ug/L respectively for CHCl3 and none for the CHCl2Br, CHClBr2 and CHBr3. The cancer risk from exposure to THMs at Hotel X are 1.6 x 10- 5 for tap water, 1.9 x 10-5 for swimming pool water and 2.0 x 10-4 for both tap and swimming pool water while cancer risk from exposure to THMs at Hotel Y are 1.7 x 10-5 for tap water, 1.6 x 10-5 for swimming pool water and 1.19 x 10-4 for both tap and swimming pool water.Thus, it shows that, it is in range of acceptable risk.

scholarly journals Occurrence of P. aeruginosa in Water Intended for Human Consumption and in Swimming Pool Water

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Darija Vukić Lušić ◽  
Nerma Maestro ◽  
Arijana Cenov ◽  
Dražen Lušić ◽  
Katarina Smolčić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Serbia And Montenegro ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Building Commissioning ◽  
Swimming Pool Water ◽  
Living Being

Considering the fact that water is a basic need of every living being, it is important to ensure its safety. In this work, the data on the presence of the opportunistic pathogen P. aeruginosa in drinking water (n = 4171) as well as in pool water (n = 5059) in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County in Croatia in the five-year period (2016–2020) were analysed. In addition, the national criteria were compared with those of neighboring countries and worldwide. The proportion of P. aeruginosa-positive samples was similar for drinking water (3.9%) and pool water (4.6%). The prevalence of this bacterium was most pronounced in the warmer season. P. aeruginosa-positive drinking water samples were mostly collected during building commissioning, while pool samples were from entertainment and spa/hydromassage pools. Outdoor pools showed a higher percentage of positive samples than indoor pools, as well as the pools filled with freshwater rather than seawater. The highest P. aeruginosa load was found in rehabilitation pools. Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro are countries that have included P. aeruginosa in their national regulations as an indicator of the safety of water for human consumption as well as for bottled water, while Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have limited this requirement to bottled water only. In the case of swimming pool water, this parameter is mandatory in all countries considered in this study.

scholarly journals The Occurrence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Swimming Pools: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117863022110365
Author(s):  
Saheed Mustapha ◽  
Tijani Jimoh ◽  
Muhammed Ndamitso ◽  
Saka Ambali Abdulkareem ◽  
Shuaib Damola Taye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Haloacetic Acids ◽  
Suitable Method ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Secondary Amines ◽  
Human Tissues ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Pool Water ◽  
Inadequate Information ◽  
Swimming Pool Water

The occurrence of several disinfectant byproducts has been investigated in swimming pools. Until now, there are only a few studies on nitrosamine, particularly N-nitrosodimethylamine in swimming pool water. This could be due to the lack of a suitable method that is sensitive enough for the measurement of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pool waters. Other disinfectant byproducts formed in pool water widely documented are trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, halonitromethanes, and chloramines but inadequate information on N-nitrosodimethylamine. This paper provides a review of the nitrogenous disinfectant byproduct in swimming pools and its health implications. Anthropogenic substances introduced by swimmers such as sweat, lotions, and urine contribute to the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of secondary amines such as dimethylamine with mono/dichloroamines produced dimethyl hydrazine and further undergo oxidation to form N-nitrosodimethylamine. The reaction of chlorine and other disinfectants with these anthropogenic sources in swimming pools cause cancer and asthma in human tissues. Thus, the assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the swimming pool is less well documented. Therefore, the health consequences, mutagenic, and genotoxic potentials of N-nitrosodimethylamine should be the focus of more research studies.

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