Copper oxide nanoparticle dissolution at alkaline pH is controlled by dissolved organic matter: influence of soil-derived organic matter, wheat, bacteria, and nanoparticle coating

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 2618-2631
Author(s):  
J. M. Hortin ◽  
A. J. Anderson ◽  
D. W. Britt ◽  
A. R. Jacobson ◽  
J. E. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Cuo Nanoparticles ◽  
Alkaline Ph ◽  
Nanoparticle Coating ◽  
Copper Oxide Nanoparticle ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticle

Dissolved organic carbon concentration from soil management, root exudates, and root-colonizing bacteria is dominant over the effect of pH in determining dissolved Cu concentration from CuO nanoparticles at alkaline pH.

scholarly journals Changes in organic carbon concentration and organic matter compound of erosion-delivered soil aggregates

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Jakab ◽  
Judit Szabó ◽  
Zoltán Szalai ◽  
Erzsébet Mészáros ◽  
Balázs Madarász ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration

Sources of organic matter in first flush runoff from urban roadways

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1234-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wada ◽  
N. Takei ◽  
T. Sato ◽  
H. Tsuno
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Road Dust ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
First Flush ◽  
The Road ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration

This study aims to explore the influential sources of organic matter in first flush runoff from urban roadways by comparing organic carbon content and particle size distribution in road dust with those from discharge from vehicles during rainfall. Samples on first flush runoff and road dust were collected from urban roadways. In addition, vehicle drainage was assumed to flow from vehicles during rainfall events, so vehicle wash-off water was collected by spraying water onto the top and from the underside of vehicles to simulate accumulation during a vehicle run. In road dust, the organic carbon content in the <0.2 mm fraction was about twice that of the 0.2–2 mm fraction. The particle size distributions of both first flush runoff and vehicle wash-off water were similar, and particles <0.2 mm contributed to over 95% of the total volume. The dissolved organic carbon concentration in the vehicle wash-off water was considerably higher than that in the road dust/water mixture. The total organic carbon content in road dust was positively correlated with annual daily traffic. Therefore, vehicles were thought to strongly influence the nature of road dust.

Soil-derived fulvic acid and root exudates, modified by soil bacteria, alter CuO nanoparticle-induced root stunting of wheat via Cu complexation

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 3638-3652 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Hortin ◽  
A. J. Anderson ◽  
D. W. Britt ◽  
A. R. Jacobson ◽  
J. E. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Root Exudates ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Cuo Nanoparticles ◽  
Cuo Nanoparticle ◽  
Soluble Complexes

Cu from CuO nanoparticles is bioavailable to wheat as soluble complexes of root/bacterial exudates and soil organic matter.

Assessing the impact of dissolved organic carbon changes on disinfectant stability in a distribution system

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-257
Author(s):  
C. Campos ◽  
Ph. Harmant
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Quality Model ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
The Impact

Maintaining disinfectant residuals throughout the entire water distribution system is considered an efficient strategy to guarantee the biological stability of drinking water as it flows from the plant to the customer tap. Dosed at the plant, the disinfectant disappears in the distribution system due to reactions with both water and pipe constituents. Among them, certain fractions of the organic matter content are directly responsible for the loss of disinfectant. This study presents an example of the impact of the organic matter UV absorbance on free chlorine decay for a surface water. In addition, this study illustrates the use of laboratory experiments together with a water quality model as a valuable tool to predict the impact of organic carbon concentration changes on chlorine residuals in interconnected distribution systems.

scholarly journals On the impacts of phytoplankton-derived organic matter on the properties of the primary marine aerosol – Part 1: Source fluxes

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 9295-9317 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fuentes ◽  
H. Coe ◽  
D. Green ◽  
G. de Leeuw ◽  
G. McFiggans
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Particle Flux ◽  
Sea Spray ◽  
Marine Aerosol ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Bubble Bursting ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration

Abstract. The effect of biogenic dissolved and colloidal organic matter on the production of submicron primary sea-spray aerosol was investigated via the simulation of bubble bursting in seawater enriched with phytoplankton-released organics. Seawater samples collected along a transect off the West African coast during the RHaMBLe cruise (RRS Discovery cruise D319), conducted as part of the SOLAS UK program, were analysed in order to identify the dominant oceanic algal species in a region of high biological activity. Cultures of microalgal strains representative of the species found in the collected seawater were grown in order to produce natural bioexudate. Colloidal plus dissolved organic fraction in this material remaining after <0.2 μm filtration was employed to prepare organic-enriched seawater proxies for the laboratory production of marine aerosol using a plunging-waterjet system as an aerosol generator. Submicron size distributions of aerosols generated from different organic monolayers and seawater proxies enriched with biogenic exudate were measured and compared with blanks performed with artificial seawater devoid of marine organics. A shift of the aerosol submicron size distribution toward smaller sizes and an increase in the production of particles with dry diameter (Dp0)<100 nm was repeatedly observed with increasing amounts of diatomaceous bioexudate in the seawater proxies used for aerosol generation. The effect was found to be sensitive to the organic carbon concentration in seawater and the algal exudate type. Diatomaceous exudate with organic carbon concentration (OC<0.2 μm) >175 μM was required to observe a significant impact on the size distribution, which implies that effects are expected to be substantial only in high biological activity areas abundant with diatom algal populations. The laboratory findings were in agreement with analogous bubble-bursting experiments conducted with unfiltered oceanic seawater collected during the RHaMBLe cruise, which revealed a higher production of particles with Dp0<100 nm at regions with high biological activity. These findings suggest that the increase in the atmospheric aerosol modal sizes from winter to summer, reported by long-term observations in North Atlantic waters, is not directly due to an impact of the higher primary organic matter production occurring during warm periods. A novel sub-micrometric size-resolved source flux function, explicitly defined as a function of the diatomaceous exudate concentration, was derived from the size distribution measurements and the estimation of the fractional whitecap coverage. According to the defined parameterisation, a 300 μM OC<0.2 μm concentration of diatomaceous exudate in seawater produces an overall increment in the total source particle flux of ~20% with respect to the organics-free seawater case. The effect increases with decreasing particle size for Dp0<100 nm, resulting in multiplicative factors between 1.02–2 with respect to the particle flux generated from seawater devoid of marine organics. The total source flux derived from the presented parameterisation was compared to recent definitions of sea-spray source fluxes based on laboratory and field observations in the literature.

Terrigenous Organic Matter in Surface Sediments from the Gulf of St. Lawrence

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Pocklington
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Close Proximity

Marine sediments containing land-derived organic matter can be identified by a combination of high organic carbon concentration, high C and H relative to N, and the presence of lignin. Sediments with this combination of characteristics have been found in certain environments within the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in particular, in close proximity to pulp and paper mills.

scholarly journals Assessing soil carbon and soil quality for sustainable agricultural systems in tropical hillslope soils using spectroscopic methods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Bunjirtluk Jintaridth
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Agricultural Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

Soil quality is a concept that integrates physical, chemical, and biological components and processes of soil across landscapes. Identifying and developing appropriate methods to quantify and assess changes in soil quality are necessary for evaluating soil degradation and improving management practices. Many parameters that are associated with soil quality depend on soil organic matter (SOM) levels and composition. The objectives of this research were to: 1) conduct a literature review of soil quality assessment techniques to evaluate soil quality across a wide-range of environments and agricultural practices; 2) determine if some standard soil sampling and analytical protocols could be identified or developed to enhance soil quality comparisons across a wide range of environments around the world; and 3) assess the efficacy of spectroscopic-based (i.e. near-infrared, mid-infrared, and visible range) analytical methods to evaluate soil organic matter fractions and soil quality. To assess soil quality for sustainable agricultural systems in hillslope soils using spectroscopic methods, surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were collected from hillslope agricultural sites in Bolivia, the Philippines and Indonesia which had differences in length of fallow, levels of soil degradation, and cultivation by landscape position. To determine the efficacy of spectroscopic-based on visible range, the use of the potassium permanganate test (MnOxC) for active organic carbon was studied. The MnOxC test was generally responsive to a range of fallow lengths among different agricultural fields and communities in Umala Municipality in Bolivia. A major objective of fallowing agricultural fields in this region is to restore soil fertility in the field after cropping. This general increase in MnOxC with increased length fallowing may be due to inputs of residue and roots from regrowth of native vegetation after cropping in fallowed areas and possible manure inputs from sheep that generally graze these fallow areas. In addition, higher concentrations of MnOxC were generally observed in non-degraded soil compared to that of degraded soil in all sampled communities in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Comparisons of soil quality among agroforestry and nonagroforestry sites were studied near Bogor, Indonesia. Both agroforestry and nonagroforestry sites had been managed with different types and rates (low, medium, and high) of amendments including manure, compost and chemical fertilizer. Soil MnOxC was generally higher with increasing amounts of added animal manure and in agroforestry areas compared to that of non-agroforestry areas. A set of soil samples was collected along a hill-slope transect from the top to the bottom of agricultural valley on Mindanao Island in the Philippines. The transect across the landscape was divided into summit, shoulder, backslope, footslope and toeslope landscape positions. Soil MnOxC from cultivated fields areas at each landscape position were generally lower than noncultivated areas at similar landscape positions. Among the non-cultivated sites, soil MnOxC was the highest at the summit position and the lowest at the backslope positions while soil MnOxC among cultivated sites were relatively similar across the hill-slope transect. This comparison of the use of the soil MnOxC test to determine changes in active C among a wide range of environmental conditions, cropping systems and soil management practices among agroecosystems with hillslopes in tropical countries around the world indicates that the soil MnOxC test is a sensitive indicator to assess changes in active C with changes in crop and soil management. Several advantages to using this procedure include its ease of use that requires a minimal of training for the field method, its low relative cost and growing research results that facilitate interpretation of the test results. Therefore, this method has potential for supporting management decisions, and sustainable management of agricultural systems in tropical hillslope ecosystems. The ability of visible/near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy to estimate soil organic carbon and carbon fractions from diverse soils in tropical hillslope agroecosystems around the world that were under different soil management and cropping systems was evaluated in this research. It was shown that VNIR spectroscopy could be an effective technique to estimate SOC and soil organic carbon fractions for a wide range of soils from tropical hillslope agroecosystems around the world. Several potential advantages of use of VNIR compared to conventional soil testing methods in developing countries are that it may allow for simultaneous evaluation of several soil properties and it can be done rapidly and possibly in the field. Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (DRIFT) is considered to be one of the most sensitive infrared techniques for analyzing the structural composition of soil organic matter. The benefit of the DRIFT technique is the ability to characterize the functional group composition of heterogeneous materials with minimal sample preparation. Results showed that this method can be used to characterize the functional groups of heterogeneous soil organic materials and it may be a more direct method to determine changes in soil organic matter and soil quality caused by soil management practices than several other chemical and spectral techniques. The high resolution of the spectra and quantitative estimations of functional groups can be used to analyze soil organic carbon composition. Therefore, in future work this technique has great potential to be an accurate and simple method for helping to understand the changes in the composition of soil organic carbon due to soil organic management practices and to estimate changes in soil quality resulting from those practices in these hillslope agroecosystems.

scholarly journals Groundcovers in Olive Groves in Semiarid Climates: Are They Always Beneficial?

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2230
Author(s):  
Blanca Sastre ◽  
Belén Álvarez ◽  
Omar Antón ◽  
Maria Ángeles Pérez ◽  
Maria Jose Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Olive Groves

Olive groves on the Mediterranean Basin are usually managed by continuous tillage and low organic matter inputs, leading to several soil degradation processes. Groundcovers (GCs) have come out as an alternative soil management strategy to improve soil’s fertility, soil’s organic matter quantity, and the sustainability of agro-ecosystems. Nevertheless, farmers are still unwilling to implement GCs or reduce tilling frequency while there are still some uncertainties and lack of global analyses. The purpose of this study was to perform an assessment of the effects of using GC on the soil parameters microbiological biomass, crop yield, and olive oil quality. A field trial was performed on a gypsiferous soil in central Spain with three different GCs: permanent GC of Brachypodium distachyon (BRA); permanent GC of spontaneous vegetation (SVE), and annual GC of Vicia ervilia (BIT) to be compared with conventional tillage (TIL). After three years, numbers of nematodes, fungi, and bacteria were higher on plant roots regardless of GC composition. BRA was the treatment with the biggest impact on soil and yield parameters. BRA increased soil organic carbon 1.03 Mg ha−1 yr−1 at 0–10 cm depth but reduced significantly olive yield because of nitrogen competition. The BIT treatment improved soil organic carbon stocks and soil structure, and did not reduce olive yield significantly regarding TIL. The BIT treatment was considered the best soil management strategy in semiarid conditions.

scholarly journals Soil-Organic-Carbon Concentration and Storage under Different Land Uses in the Carrizal-Chone Valley in Ecuador

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Lizardo Reyna-Bowen ◽  
Lenin Vera-Montenegro ◽  
Lizardo Reyna
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Livestock Grazing ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration ◽  
Different Depths

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important indicator of soil quality; an elevated percentage of SOC indicates very high-quality soil, physically as well as chemically. As such, the principal objective of the present study was to determine the concentration of SOC at different depths, as well as its accumulation through the entire soil profile. The Carrizal-Chone system (SCCH) area was stratified by agricultural use. Sixty-three soil samples were taken from different depths of up to a maximum of 150 cm. The physical and chemical properties of the soil were determined. SOC was determined by the Walkley and Black method. The following results are highlighted: (1) 21 different varieties of soil management were identified; (2) the largest area was livestock grazing land, which had the greatest concentration of SOC; (3) the type of soil with the greatest SOC sequestration capacity was silty clay loam; (4) the area cultivated with corn presented the highest accumulation of total carbon; and (5) the highest concentration of SOC was found in the top 40 cm, with a tendency to decrease with depth. It is concluded that soil management influences the concentration and accumulation of SOC in the topsoil layers and the entire soil profile.

Responses of soil organic carbon, aggregate stability, carbon and nitrogen fractions to 15 and 24 years of no-till diversified crop rotations

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadou Maiga ◽  
Abdullah Alhameid ◽  
Shikha Singh ◽  
Atilla Polat ◽  
Jasdeep Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fractions ◽  
No Till

Diversification within a cropping system together with no-till (NT) soil management can help to improve soil organic carbon (SOC). The present study was conducted to assess the impacts of crop diversity through crop rotations on SOC and other selected soil properties. The long-term experimental sites were located in Beresford and Brookings, South Dakota, USA. The Beresford site was initiated in 1991 (24 years) on Egan soil series (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udic Haplustolls), whereas, the Brookings site was established in 2000 (14 years) on a Barnes clay loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Calcic Hapludolls) under a randomised complete block design with four replications. Treatments at both sites consisted of a 2-year (corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.)), and a 4-year (corn–soybean–winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–oat (Avena sativa L.)) rotation, all managed under NT soil management. Soil samples were collected in the fall of 2015 after crop harvest under the corn phase. Data showed that 4-year rotation increased SOC stock (8.3% in Brookings and 22% in Beresford) compared with that under 2-year rotation (not always significant) in the soil profile 0–60cm. Soil particulate organic matter and organic matter were always higher under 4-year rotation than under 2-year rotation at 0–5 and 5–15cm depths at both sites. Surface soil aggregate stability was improved in both locations under 4-year rotation (12% in Brookings, 4% in Beresford). Additionally, at 0–5cm depth, the 4-year rotation increased light fractions of carbon (18% in Brookings, and 32% in Beresford) compared with 2-year. Results from this study showed that the use of diverse crop rotations (4-year) for longer (&gt;24 years) duration enhanced SOC, carbon and nitrogen fractions, and soil aggregation compared with those under corn–soybean (2-year) rotation.

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