Application of DNA nanodevices for biosensing

The Analyst ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 145 (10) ◽  
pp. 3481-3489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinuo Yu ◽  
Tianshu Chen ◽  
Qianqian Zhang ◽  
Mengru Zhou ◽  
Xiaoli Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Almost All

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the carrier of genetic information in living life, is an essential biomacromolecule in almost all living systems.

scholarly journals Fidelity in Archaeal Information Processing

Archaea ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bart de Koning ◽  
Fabian Blombach ◽  
Stan J. J. Brouns ◽  
John van der Oost
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Genome Size ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Evolution Of Life

A key element during the flow of genetic information in living systems is fidelity. The accuracy of DNA replication influences the genome size as well as the rate of genome evolution. The large amount of energy invested in gene expression implies that fidelity plays a major role in fitness. On the other hand, an increase in fidelity generally coincides with a decrease in velocity. Hence, an important determinant of the evolution of life has been the establishment of a delicate balance between fidelity and variability. This paper reviews the current knowledge on quality control in archaeal information processing. While the majority of these processes are homologous in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes, examples are provided of nonorthologous factors and processes operating in the archaeal domain. In some instances, evidence for the existence of certain fidelity mechanisms has been provided, but the factors involved still remain to be identified.

Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA). a Structural DNA Mimic

1993 ◽  
Vol 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Linear Order ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Peptide Nucleic Acid ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Structural Role ◽  
Phosphate Backbone ◽  
Central Molecule

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) may be regarded as the central molecule of life since it is the carrier of genetic information; it is the chemical constituent of the genes. DNA is a biopolymer composed of deoxyribonucleoside units connected via phosphodiester bridges (Figure 1a). It is the linear order of the nucleobases (A, C, G & T) that contain the genetic information, whereas the deoxyribose phosphate backbone primarily fulfils a structural role.

Stochastic models for bacteriophage

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 225-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gani
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Models ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Protein Coat ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Bacterial Viruses ◽  
Dna Strand

Viruses are small particles of RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) or DNA (DeoxyRibonucleic Acid) wrapped in a protein coat, which can be crystallized into a variety of regular geometric, often polyhedral, shapes. They are much smaller than bacteria, and are capable of passage through filters designed to, arrest these. Among the numerous viruses, bacteriophages (or bacterial viruses), called phages for short, have been the subject of much concentrated study. Over the past twenty years in particular, their structure, parasitic cycle, and most recently part of their genetic mapping, have been elucidated; the isolated DNA strand used by phages as their genetic information carrier, makes them eminently suitable in investigations on the molecular basis of life.

scholarly journals Alternative Biochemistries for Alien Life: Basic Concepts and Requirements for the Design of a Robust Biocontainment System in Genetic Isolation

Genes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Diwo ◽  
Nediljko Budisa
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Code ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Genetic Isolation ◽  
Universal Genetic Code ◽  
Synthetic Life ◽  
Beneficial Traits ◽  
Genetic Pool ◽  
Almost All

The universal genetic code, which is the foundation of cellular organization for almost all organisms, has fostered the exchange of genetic information from very different paths of evolution. The result of this communication network of potentially beneficial traits can be observed as modern biodiversity. Today, the genetic modification techniques of synthetic biology allow for the design of specialized organisms and their employment as tools, creating an artificial biodiversity based on the same universal genetic code. As there is no natural barrier towards the proliferation of genetic information which confers an advantage for a certain species, the naturally evolved genetic pool could be irreversibly altered if modified genetic information is exchanged. We argue that an alien genetic code which is incompatible with nature is likely to assure the inhibition of all mechanisms of genetic information transfer in an open environment. The two conceivable routes to synthetic life are either de novo cellular design or the successive alienation of a complex biological organism through laboratory evolution. Here, we present the strategies that have been utilized to fundamentally alter the genetic code in its decoding rules or its molecular representation and anticipate future avenues in the pursuit of robust biocontainment.

Beyond “Genetic Discrimination”: Toward the Broader Harm of Geneticism

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Genetic Discrimination ◽  
Genetic Knowledge ◽  
Analytic Framework ◽  
Genetic Tests ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All ◽  
As If

The current explosion of genetic knowledge and the rapid proliferation of genetic tests has rightly provoked concern that we are approaching a future in which people will be labeled and disadvantaged based on genetic information. Indeed, some have already suffered harm, including denial of health insurance. This concern has prompted an outpouring of analysis. Yet almost all of it approaches the problem of genetic disadvantage under the rubric of “genetic discrimination.”This rubric is woefully inadequate to the task at hand. It ignores years of commentary on race and gender demonstrating the limits of antidiscrimination analysis as an analytic framework and corrective tool. Too much discussion of genetic disadvantage proceeds as if scholars of race and gender had not spent decades critiquing and developing antidiscrimination theory.Indeed, there are multiple links among race, gender, and genetics. Dorothy Roberts has discussed the historical links between racism and genetics, while she and others have begun to map connections between gender and genetics.

The heart is already working

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Noble
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Physiological Function ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Biological Databases ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
Cellular Environment ◽  
Quantitative Manner ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

Understanding the logic of living systems requires knowledge of the mechanisms involved at the levels at which functionality is expressed. This information resides neither in the genome, nor even in the individual proteins that genes code for. No functionality is expressed at these levels. It emerges as the result of interactions between many proteins relating to each other in multiple cascades and in interaction with the cellular environment. There is therefore no alternative to copying nature and computing these interactions to determine the logic of healthy and diseased states. The rapid growth in biological databases, models of cells, tissues and organs and the development of powerful computing hardware and algorithms have made it possible to explore functionality in a quantitative manner all the way from the level of genes to the physiological function of whole organs and regulatory systems. I use models of the heart to demonstrate that we can now go all the way from individual genetic information (on mutations, for example) to exploring the consequences at a whole-organ level.

scholarly journals Humans as Genetic Information Carriers in the Pandemic Conditions (Criminal, Criminal Legal, and Civil Legal Aspects)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Pavlovska ◽  
◽  
Maryna Kulyk ◽  
Yuliia Tereshchenko ◽  
Halyna Strilets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Molecular Genetics ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Expert Practice

It has been for the most part difficult and almost impossible to establish the origin of biological material from a particular person, as traditional methods of examining biological traces only with little probability can establish the relative chances of origin of such traces from a particular person and not their equivalence or identity. The development and implementation in the expert practice of new methods of research of human biological traces are aimed at increasing the level of identification capabilities. Major successes in this area have been achieved first of all due to molecular genetics. The importance of such research cannot be overestimated. Many of the notable advances we witness today in forensics and the biological sciences depend on our knowledge of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

scholarly journals Fractional Dynamics in Bioscience and Biomedicine and the Physics of Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosein Nasrolahpour
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Calculus ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Memory Effects ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Fractional Dynamics ◽  
Biological Structures ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Natural Way

AbstractAlmost all phenomena and structures in nature exhibit some degrees of fractionality or fractality. Fractional calculus and fractal theory are two interrelated concepts. In this article we study the memory effects in nature and particularly in biological structures. Based on this fact that natural way to incorporate memory effects in the modeling of various phenomena and dealing with complexities is using of fractional calculus, in this article we present different examples in various branch of science from cosmology to biology and we investigate this idea that are we able to describe all of such these phenomena using the well-know and powerful tool of fractional calculus. In particular we focus on fractional calculus approach as an effective tool for better understanding of physics of living systems and organism and especially physics of cancer.

scholarly journals The Concept and Classification of Genomic (Genetic) Information

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
M. N. Maleina
Keyword(s):  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Biological Sample ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Genomic Information ◽  
Genomic Technologies ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Living Being

The importance of genomic information has now increased due to the possibility of its practical use. Meanwhile, the understanding of the term “genomic information” is specified based on different criteria. Genomic information is proposed to be classified depending on the following criteria: 1) the origin of a biological sample, 2) the place of fixation and storage of genomic information, 3) the purpose of use, 4) the completeness of examination, 5) the relation of a person to the acquisition of his or her genomic information, 6) the scope of content. Genomic information can be presented as a generic concept referring to all biological objects, as a special concept (species) referring only to humans, and as subspecies reflecting specificity of such information in a particular area of activity. Genomic information of a living being (human, animal, plant, microorganism) is understood as data on certain fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (sometimes ribonucleic acid) on the basis of which the living being is identified or other permitted activity is carried out.Human genomic information is defined as biometric personal data extracted from certain fragments of deoxyribonucleic acid (sometimes ribonucleic acid) of a living individual or corpse, on the basis of which it is possible to identify, determine genetic predispositions or extract patterns of the development of the human being obtained voluntarily, and, in cases provided for by the law, forced to be fixed in a biological sample and/or stored in an information map or database.It is proved that the existing laws on information or a new law dedicated to regulation of the application of genomic technologies should be amended instead of adopting a special law “On Genetic Information”. 

scholarly journals Long-Term Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Replication Despite Extensive Resistance to Current Antiretroviral Regimens: Clonal Analysis of Resistance Mutations in Proviral Deoxyribonucleic Acid

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Stella-Ascariz ◽  
Rocio Montejano ◽  
María Martin-Vicente ◽  
Jesús Mingorance ◽  
Ignacio Pérez-Valero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Clonal Analysis ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Treatment Interruptions ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Archived resistance mutations compromise antiretroviral treatment. We have investigated 3 selected aviremic patients who had extensive historical resistance to their current regimen. All 3 patients underwent unstructured treatment interruptions associated to the re-emergence of wild-type virus before starting their current suppressive regimes. Almost all historical resistance mutations detected in plasma were found in circulating proviral deoxyribonucleic acid. None of the clones analyzed was fully resistant to the current antiretroviral regimen.

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