VIII.—The electrical conductivity of phosphoric acid

1909 ◽  
Vol 95 (0) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Edward William Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Phosphoric Acid

Electrical conductivity and thermopower of phosphoric acid doped polyaniline

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 789-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chul Oh Yoon ◽  
Jong Hyun Kim ◽  
Hyun Kyung Sung ◽  
Hosull Lee
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Doped Polyaniline

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Acid-Activated Bentonite with Binary Acid Solution and Its Use in Decreasing Electrical Conductivity of Tap Water

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 815
Author(s):  
Eri Nagahashi ◽  
Fumihiko Ogata ◽  
Chalermpong Saenjum ◽  
Takehiro Nakamura ◽  
Naohito Kawasaki
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Acid Solution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Acid Activation ◽  
Sodium Ions ◽  
Activated Bentonite ◽  
Adsorption Treatment

The characteristics of acid-activated raw bentonite (RB) activated with binary acid solutions sulfuric acid + nitric acid, nitric acid + phosphoric acid, and phosphoric acid + sulfuric acid, at a concentration of 5 mol/L (denoted as 5-SN, 5-NP, and 5-PS), were evaluated. Moreover, its application for improving the electrical conductivity in tap water was demonstrated. Acid activation induced the partial destruction of RB; subsequently, there was a significant release of sodium ions from the RB. In addition, the specific surface area and pore volume of 5-SN, 5-NP, and 5-PS were higher than those of RB. Next, the electrical conductivity when using RB increased with adsorption treatment because sodium ions were released from the RB. However, the electrical conductivity significantly decreased with adsorption treatment when using acid-activated RB. Specifically, magnesium ions, calcium ions, and potassium ions were removed into 5-SN, 5-NP, and 5-PS, and sodium ions were not released from the RB simultaneously. The removal percentage of the electrical conductivity using 5-SN, 5-NP, and 5-PS was approximately 31% to 36%. The results indicated that employing acid-activated RB with a binary acid solution is a useful method for decreasing the electrical conductivity in tap water.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF PHOSPHORIC ACID AND POTASSIUM HUMATE ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN SALINE-SODIC SOIL

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (04) ◽  
pp. 781-790
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ameen
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Potassium Humate

Phosphorus (P) is the 2nd most deficient nutrient among plants (<10 mg P kg−1 soil) in >90% soil of Pakistan. The crop requirement is achieved by fertilization however effectiveness of the current P (Phosphorus) containing fertilizers applied as broadcast is less (20%). Application of phosphoric acid (PA) and potassium humate (PH) not only increases the nutrients availability to plant but also improves soil characteristics. A pot experiment was carried out to evaluate the behavior of PA and PH in saline-sodic soil for nutrient availability in maize. Twenty-seven plastic pots were used in this experiment. PA was applied according to recommended dose of Punjab Agriculture Department (NPK 200-150-200 kg ha-1 ), while the PH was applied according to the Agrolix fertilizer private limited recommendation (50 and 100 kg ha-1 ). The plant growth parameters (length and dry weight of root and shoot), ionic interaction (N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn in root, shoot and grain) and grain weight were recorded. The results showed 241% and 315% more shoot and root dry weight as compared to control with combined application of PA and PH. The length of shoot and root were improved to 181% and 232% as compared to control. The grain yield was positively correlated with shoot dry weight (r2 = 0.6618). Application of PA decreased the soil electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) about 91% and 96% respectively after one cropping season. Grain yield had highly significant (r2= 0.829) negative correlation with soil ECe (Electrical conductivity) whereas it was also negatively correlated with soil SAR (r2=0.5942). Results further explained the significant positive correlation between phosphorus and iron concentration in grain (r2 = 0.7454). However, phosphorus concentration was not correlated with grain zinc concentration (r2 = 0.1798).

scholarly journals Electrical Conductivity and Water Effects in Phosphoric Acid Solutions for Doping of Membranes in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
Jürgen Giffin ◽  
Fosca Conti ◽  
Carsten Korte
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte ◽  
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Solid Polymer ◽  
Acid Solutions ◽  
Fuel Cell Performance

Abstract Fuel cells (FCs) are among the more efficient solutions to limit the emission of greenhouse gases. Based on the conversion of the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (often oxygen) into electrical energy, a typical FC produces a voltage of 0.7 V under load. The potential is highly increased by placing the cells in series to obtain a stacked cell. Among the types of FCs, the polymer electrolyte membrane FCs (PEMFCs) are developed mainly for transport applications, because of their low impact on the environment, high power density and light weight compared with other types of FCs. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes are widely used as efficient electrolytes. The performance of a (high temperature, 130–200 °C) HT-PEMFC depends mainly on the amount of H3PO4 in the solid polymer membrane. The strong autoprotolysis of H3PO4 is responsible for the high proton conductivity also in the anhydrous state. In this study, the H2OH3PO4 system is investigated in the temperature range 60–150 °C with varying water vapour activity at constant atmospheric pressure. Main purpose is to gain more insights into the kinetics of the equilibria in the H2O-H3PO4 system, which influence the fuel cell performance. Density, water content, electrical conductivity and activation energy are determined by exposing H3PO4 solutions for sufficiently long periods to controlled gas atmosphere in order to reach near-equilibrium conditions. The coexistence of ortho- and pyrophosphoric acid is analysed and higher condensed species are also considered. A new setup fully made in quartz is designed and developed to mix the phosphoric acid solutions in a climate chamber. The experimental results are compared to literature data to validate the developed setup and the methodology.

Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
John C. Russ ◽  
Nicholas C. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Continuum

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.

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