scholarly journals CXXXVI.—Solubility of silver chloride in mercuric nitrate solution

1908 ◽  
Vol 93 (0) ◽  
pp. 1405-1416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Haward Buttle ◽  
John Theodore Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Mercuric Nitrate

Matter Falling Out: Precipitation

Reactions ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Silver Nitrate Solution ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Nitrate Ion ◽  
To Come

I shall now introduce you to one of the simplest kinds of chemical reaction: precipitation, the falling out from solution of newly formed solid, powdery matter when two solutions are mixed together. The process is really very simple and, I have to admit, not very interesting. However, I am treating it as your first encounter with creating a different form of matter from two starting materials, so please be patient as there are much more interesting processes to come. I would like you to regard it as a warming-up exercise for thinking about and visualizing chemical reactions at a molecular level. Not much is going on, so the steps of the reaction are reasonably easy to follow. There isn’t much to do to bring about a precipitation reaction. Two soluble substances are dissolved in water, one solution is poured into the other, and—providing the starting materials are well chosen—an insoluble powdery solid immediately forms and makes the solution cloudy. For instance, a white precipitate of insoluble silver chloride, looking a bit like curdled milk, is formed when a solution of sodium chloride (common salt) is poured into a solution of silver nitrate. Now, as we shall do many times in this book, let’s imagine shrinking to the size of a molecule and watch what happens when the sodium chloride solution is poured into the silver nitrate solution. As you saw in my Preliminary remark, when solid sodium chloride dissolves in water, Na+ ions and Cl– ions are seduced by water molecules into leaving the crystals of the original solid and spreading through the solution. Silver nitrate is AgNO3; Ag denotes a silver atom, which is present as the positive ion Ag+; NO3– is a negatively charged ‘nitrate ion’, 1. Silver nitrate is soluble because the negative charge of the nitrate ion is spread over its four atoms rather than concentrated on one, 2, as it is for the chloride ion, and as a result it has rather weak interactions with the neighbouring Ag+ ions in the solid.

Specimen whitening: An assessment of methods of ammonium chloride smoke removal

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. H. Shelburne ◽  
Angella C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Silver Nitrate Solution ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Residue Removal ◽  
Cleaning Procedures ◽  
Smoke Removal

Abstract Smoking is the process of subliming and depositing ammonium chloride or other white powder onto specimens, and is useful for enhancing specimen relief for photography. Ammonium chloride is acidic and highly soluble in water, and can etch delicate specimens in the presence of moisture. Though many methods exist for applying ammonium chloride to specimens, removing the coating is rarely discussed. To amend this, we performed an experiment smoking a series of invertebrate fossil specimens and cleaned them using eight different cleaning techniques. After undergoing the appropriate cleaning method, each specimen was then thoroughly rinsed in deionized water. Using a silver nitrate solution, which precipitates silver chloride in the presence of chloride ions, we tested the rinse water for remaining chloride contamination. Using this procedure, we found complete rinsing of the specimen to be the only method for removing contamination to a point below our detection limit, although various brushing techniques were moderately effective. Breathing on the specimen, a commonly used method, was ineffective, and likely exacerbates the problem of etching by dissolving remaining residue. We recommend a case-by-case approach to ammonium chloride residue removal, using one or more techniques, while making sure to record the smoking and cleaning procedures in your collection’s database.

Silver Chloride/Triphenylphosphine-Promoted Carboxylation of Arylboronic Esters with Carbon Dioxide at Atmospheric Pressure

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Hua Zhou ◽  
Chun-Xiang Guo ◽  
Jia-Ning Xie ◽  
Kai-Xuan Liu ◽  
Liang-Nian He
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Silver Chloride

Facile and Fast Detection of Genistein in Derris scandens by Square Wave Voltammetry using a Cobalt(II) Phthalocyanine-Modified Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensor

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
Surinya Traipop ◽  
Suchada Chuanuwatanakul ◽  
Orawon Chailapakul ◽  
Eakkasit Punrat
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensor ◽  
Square Wave Voltammetry ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Plastic Substrate ◽  
Fast Analysis ◽  
Square Wave ◽  
Wave Voltammetry ◽  
Screen Printed

Background: Recently, Derris scandens, a Thai herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory activity, is widely used as beverage and supplementary food. When the traditional medicine is a choice for health therapy, the simple and reliable equipment is required to control the suitable consuming amount of the active component. Objective: To develop the electrochemical sensor for genistein determination in Derris scandens with high sensitivity and rapid operation. Methods: An in-house screen-printed electrochemical sensor consisting of a three-electrode system was developed for genistein determination. A silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode, a carbon counter electrode and a carbon working electrode were prepared on a 0.3-mm-thick plastic substrate by the screen-printing technique using conductive ink. The dimensions of each sensor were 2.5×1.0 cm. Only 50 µL of sample solution was required on this device for the determination of genistein concentration by rapid response square wave voltammetry. Results: The oxidation peak of genistein appeared with good response in acidic media at a peak potential of 0.6 V. Moreover, the signal was enhanced by modifying the conductive carbon ink with cobalt( II) phthalocyanine. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range was found to be 2.5-150 µM and the detection limit was 1.5 µM. Moreover, the small volume extraction was successfully developed without any further pre-concentration. This proposed method was applied to determine genistein in Derris scandens with satisfying results. Conclusion: The proposed method is promising as an alternative method for genistein determination with facile and fast analysis.

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