CXXXV.—The formation of urea by the direct hydrolysis of lead cyanate

1903 ◽  
Vol 83 (0) ◽  
pp. 1391-1394
Author(s):  
Alexander Charles Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

DISTRIBUTION OF HEXOSAMINE IN ELEGTROPHORETIC FRACTIONS OF AVIAN, BOVINE, PORCINE, AND HUMAN SERA

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Gaunce ◽  
P. A. Anastassiadis
Keyword(s):  
Human Blood ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Cationic Resin ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

The distribution of hexosamine among the proteins of avian, bovine, porcine, and human blood sera was studied by electrophoresis on filter paper. Hexosamine was determined after direct hydrolysis of stained sections of the paper, followed by chromatography of hydrolysates on cationic resin. Some substantial and statistically significant differences in hexosamine and protein contents of the zones were found among species.

scholarly journals Rapid formation of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate in rat parotid glands may both result indirectly from receptor-stimulated release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

1986 ◽  
Vol 238 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
P T Hawkins ◽  
L Stephens ◽  
C P Downes
Keyword(s):  
Initial Rate ◽  
Parotid Glands ◽  
Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate ◽  
Rapid Formation ◽  
Inositol Tetrakisphosphate ◽  
Rat Parotid ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 4 ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis ◽  
Stimulation Of

Addition of 1 mM-carbachol to [3H]inositol-labelled rat parotid slices stimulated rapid formation of [3H]inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, the accumulation of which reached a peak 20 s after stimulation, and then declined rapidly towards a new steady state. The initial rate of formation of inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate was slower than that for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. The radioactivity in [3H]inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate fell quickly in carbachol-stimulated and then atropine-blocked parotid slices, suggesting that it is rapidly metabolized during stimulation. Parotid homogenates rapidly dephosphorylated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and, less rapidly, inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. Inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate was specifically hydrolysed to a compound with the chromatographic properties of inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate. The only 3H-labelled phospholipids that we could detect in parotid slices labelled with [3H]inositol for 90 min were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Parotid homogenates synthesized inositol tetrakisphosphate from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. This activity was dependent on the presence of ATP. We suggest that, during carbachol stimulation of parotid slices, the key event in inositol lipid metabolism is the activation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-specific phospholipase C. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate thus liberated is metabolized in two distinct ways; by direct hydrolysis of the 5-phosphate to form inositol 1,4-bisphosphate and by phosphorylation to form inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and hence, by hydrolysis of this tetrakisphosphate, to form inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate.

Production of polyols via direct hydrolysis of kraft lignin: Effect of process parameters

2013 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nubla Mahmood ◽  
Zhongshun Yuan ◽  
John Schmidt ◽  
Chunbao (Charles) Xu
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

scholarly journals Optimisasi dan pemurnian IAA yang dihasilkan Rhizobium sp. dalam medium serum lateks dengan suplementasi triptofan dari pupuk kandang Optimization and purification of IAA produced by Rhizobium sp. in latex serum media supplemented with tryptophan from chicken manure

2016 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma KRESNAWATY ◽  
Syeda ANDANAWARIH ◽  
. SUHARYANTO ◽  
. TRI-PANJI
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Indol Acetic Acid ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Rhizobium Sp ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

Summary Concentrated latex effluent had not been economically utilized, consequently it had become source of environmental pollution and conflicts with surrounding community. Whereas, the concentrated latex effluent could be used as substrate for microbes growth media due to its high concentration of carbon and nitrogen. One of the economical benefits of growing Rhizobium sp. in this waste is the production of  indole acetic acid (IAA) that  can be used for plant promotion growth. The aims of this research were to get the optimal IAA production of Rhizobium sp. by optimizing its tryptophan supplementation through hydrolysis of chicken manure and to purify IAA produced using chromatographic method. The use of chicken manure directly caused the browning effect, therefore these experiments were carried out the variation of NaOH 2 N hydrolysis treatments to reduce the effect. Direct hydrolysis as the first media  was obtained by mixing latex serum and manure, and then this mixture was hydrolyzed. Meanwhile, separated hydrolysis was done by adding water to manure, being hydrolyzed, and divided to become second and third media. The second media  was made by mixing manure hydrolysate and latex serum directly, whereas in third media, hydrolisate was added with alum as coagulating agent. Rhizobium sp. was then inoculated to all media and incubated for 24, 48, and 72 hours in 27-30oC. IAA was analyzed by spectrophotometric method with Salkowsky reagent and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). IAA was then extracted with ethyl acetate and purified with silica gel column chromatography. The separated hydrolysis without coagulation (second media) produced the highest IAA concentration, that is 14.40 mg/mL, whereas IAA produced by direct hydrolysis (first media) was 14.13 mg/mL and 0.90 mg/mL for third media  during 48 hours. The fractionation result  for each mediums showed that the highest IAA distribution in first media  was the 12th fraction (38.70%), meanwhile in second media  was the 15th fraction (50.25%) and in the third  media was the 13th fraction (26.16%). Ringkasan Limbah lateks pekat saat ini belum di-manfaatkan secara ekonomis, bahkan menjadi sumber pencemaran lingkungan dan konflik dengan masyarakat sekitarnya. Padahal limbah lateks pekat dapat digunakan sebagai substrat pertumbuhan mikroba karena memiliki kandungan karbon dan nitrogen yang cukup tinggi.  Salah  satu  nilai  ekonomis yang dapat diperoleh dengan ditumbuhkannya Rhizobium sp. pada limbah tersebut, yaitu dihasilkannya asam indol asetat (indol acetic acid/IAA) yang dapat digunakan untuk memacu pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh produksi IAA optimal yang dihasilkan Rhizobium sp. dengan asupan triptofan dari hidrolisis pupuk kandang dan memurnikan IAA yang dihasilkan tersebut dengan metode kromatografi. Penggunaan pupuk kandang secara langsung menyebabkan efek pen-cokelatan, maka dilakukan variasi perlakuan hidrolisis dengan NaOH 2 N untuk mengurangi efek tersebut. Hidrolisis langsung sebagai medium pertama diperoleh dengan mencampur serum lateks dan pupuk kandang, sedangkan hidrolisis terpisah dilakukan dengan menambah pupuk kandang dengan air,  dan dibagi menjadi medium kedua dan ketiga. Medium kedua dibuat dengan cara  langsung mencampur hidrolisat dan serum lateks, sedangkan pada medium ketiga, hidrolisat diendapkan dengan alum sebagai bahan pengendap.  Kemudian ke dalam masing-masing medium diinokulasi  Rhizobium sp. dan diinkubasi selama 24 ,48, dan 72 jam pada suhu 27-30oC. Analisis IAA dilakukan secara spektrofotometri dengan metode Salkowski dan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis (KLT). IAA diekstraksi menggunakan etil asetat dan dimurnikan dengan kromatografi kolom silika gel. Hidrolisis terpisah tanpa pengendapan (medium kedua) menghasilkan IAA tertinggi, yaitu 14,40 mg/mL, sedangkan hidrolis langsung (medium pertama) menghasilkan IAA sebesar 14,13 mg/mL dan medium ketiga sebesar 0,90 mg/mL selama 48 jam. Hasil fraksinasi untuk masing-masing medium menunjukkan sebaran IAA tertinggi pada medium pertama berada pada fraksi ke-12 (38,70%), sedangkan pada medium kedua pada fraksi ke-15 (50,25%), dan pada medium ketiga ialah fraksi ke-13 (26,16%). 

scholarly journals Whole Conversion of Agro-Industrial Wastes Rich in Galactose-Based Carbohydrates into Lipid Using Oleaginous Yeast Aureobasidium Namibiae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Peng Wang ◽  
Jing-Run Ye ◽  
Yan Ma ◽  
Xin-Yue Zhang ◽  
Hai-ying Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleaginous Yeast ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Lactose Hydrolysis ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Oleaginous Yeasts ◽  
Soy Molasses ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

Abstract BackgroundRaw materials composed of easily assimilated monosaccharides have been employed as carbon source for production of microbial lipids. Nevertheless, agro-industrial wastes rich in galactose-based carbohydrates have not been introduced as feedstocks for oleaginous yeasts. ResultsIn this study, Aureobasidium namibiae A12 was found to efficiently accumulate lipid from soy molasses and whey powder containing galactose-based carbohydrates, with lipid productions of 5.30 g/L and 5.23 g/L, respectively. Over 80% of the fatty acids was C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2. All kinds of single sugar components in the two byproducts were readily converted into lipids, with yields ranging between 0.116 g/g and 0.138 g/g. Three α-galactosidases and five β-galactosidases in the strain were cloned and analyzed. β-galactosidase was responsible for lactose hydrolysis; sucrase and α-galactosidase both contributed to the efficient hydrolysis of raffinose and stachyose in a cooperation manner. ConclusionsThis is a new way to produce lipids from raw materials containing galactose-based carbohydrates. This finding revealed the significance of sucrase in the direct hydrolysis of galactose-based carbohydrates in raw materials for the first time and facilitated the understanding of the efficient utilization of galactose-based carbohydrates to manufacture lipid or other chemicals in bioprocess

scholarly journals Synthesis, structures and reduction chemistry of monophthalocyanine scandium hydroxides

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (11n12) ◽  
pp. 1592-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumeela Ganga-Sah ◽  
Elahe Tajbakhsh ◽  
Rachel H. Platel ◽  
Wen Zhou ◽  
Daniel B. Leznoff
Keyword(s):  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Dihedral Angles ◽  
Ambient Atmosphere ◽  
Metal Alkoxides ◽  
Metal Free ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

The preparation and structural characterization of a pair of scandium(III) phthalocyanine hydroxide complexes were achieved by reaction of PcScCl with alkali metal alkoxides, likely via hydrolysis of soluble PcSc-alkoxide intermediates. A Sc[Formula: see text]Li[Formula: see text]-OH)[Formula: see text] cubane supported by two distorted Pc rings of the form (PcSc)[Formula: see text]-OH)[Formula: see text]Li[Formula: see text](THF)(DME) was isolated from the reaction of PcScCl with LiO[Formula: see text]Pr, while a simpler alkali-metal-free [Pc[Formula: see text]Sc[Formula: see text]-OH)[Formula: see text](THF)] was obtained from addition of NaO[Formula: see text]Bu; both structures are reminiscent of bent metallocenes, with dihedral angles between the two Pc rings of 50.8 and 37.7[Formula: see text]respectively. A soluble PcScOH material can also be obtained directly via hydrolysis of insoluble PcScCl in approximately 95:5 THF:water. Reduction of the Pc ring of PcScCl using KC[Formula: see text] is reversible and generates Pc[Formula: see text] and Pc[Formula: see text]-containing materials that were characterized via UV-vis spectroscopy and, where appropriate EPR and [Formula: see text]H NMR spectroscopy; analogous reductions of the PcScOH-based species were irreversible. Exposure of the air-sensitive, reduced PcScCl-based species to ambient atmosphere generated PcScOH materials analogous to the direct hydrolysis route.

STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XXXIX. STRUCTURE OF THE CELLULOSE SYNTHESIZED BY THE ACTION OF ACETOBACTER XYLINUS ON GLUCOSE

1931 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 580-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Hibbert ◽  
Jacob Barsha
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Methyl Alcohol ◽  
Zinc Chloride ◽  
Cellulose Triacetate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glucose Yield ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Natural Cellulose ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Direct Hydrolysis

A description is given of the properties of the cellulose obtained from glucose by the action of Acetobacter xylinus.Acetylation of the product gives a yield of 98.8% of a triacetate identical with cellulose triacetate, and the cellulose regenerated from the acetate is identical with the starting material. The triacetate, when spun dry from solution in chloroform, gives a silk-like fibre which on de-acetylation yields a fibre showing the same X-ray diffraction pattern as natural cellulose. Acetolysis of the acetate yields cellobiose octacetate.Treatment of the triacetate with methyl alcohol containing HCl gives a yield of 94.1% of α- and β-methylglucosides, while on direct hydrolysis of the cellulose with a solution of zinc chloride in hydrochloric acid, a practically quantitative yield (99.5%) of glucose is obtained.Simultaneous de-acetylation and methylation of a partially saponified acetate soluble in acetone gave trimethyl cellulose (yield, 84.6%). The latter, on hydrolysis with methyl alcohol containing HCl, yielded 2:3:6-trimethyl methylglucoside (yield, 92.3%) which, in turn, was converted into crystalline 2:3:6-trimethyl glucose (yield, 83.5%). The last two compounds were found to be identical in every way with the same products prepared from ordinary cotton cellulose. It follows from this that the cellulose obtained by direct bacterial synthesis from glucose is identical with natural cellulose.

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