scholarly journals Bromoalkyl ATRP initiator activation by inorganic salts: experiments and computations

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 2376-2386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jirong Wang ◽  
Jianyu Han ◽  
Haiyan Peng ◽  
Xiangying Tang ◽  
Jintao Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Mma Polymerization

The bromoalkyl ATRP initiator EBrPA is activated by many alkali, alkaline-earth and ammonium salts, leading to MMA polymerization, but only the iodides yield a controlled process because of a degenerative transfer mechanism contribution.

Overcoming Antagonistic Effects of Na-Bentazon on Sethoxydim Absorption

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunawan Wanamarta ◽  
James J. Kells ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Spray Solution

The influence of adjuvants, inorganic salts, and herbicide formulations on the antagonistic effect of Na-bentazon on sethoxydim absorption was studied in quackgrass. Adjuvant BCH 815 00, at 2.4 L ha−1alone or at 1.2 L ha−1combined with 1.1 kg ha−1of ammonium sulfate, added to the sethoxydim and Na-bentazon spray mixture overcame the antagonism on14C-sethoxydim absorption in quackgrass. Crop oil concentrate at rates up to 9.6 L ha−1did not overcome the antagonism. Adding ammonium phosphate or ammonium nitrate to the spray solution was as effective as adding ammonium sulfate in overcoming the antagonism caused by reduced absorption of sethoxydim even from the combination of Na-bentazon plus Na-acifluorfen. Ammonium salts and NH4-bentazon overcame the antagonism of Na-bentazon by forming readily absorbed NH4-sethoxydim.

scholarly journals Kinetic study of wood pyrolysis in presence of metal halides

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1294-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Beliy ◽  
Elena Udoratina
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Lewis Acids ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Reaction Order ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Alkaline Earth Metal ◽  
Metal Halides ◽  
Wood Pyrolysis ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to study the kinetics of wood pyrolysis in the presence of inorganic salts, representatives of classes of alkali and alkaline earth metal halides (NaCl, KCl, KBr, CaCl2, BaCl2·2H2O) and Lewis acids (AlCl3·6H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, CuCl2, CuBr2, ZnCl2·1.5H2O, NiCl2·6H2O, SnCl2·2H2O) using TG-DSC. The activity of these catalysts was estimated by the temperature of the beginning of pyrolysis, charcoal yield and kinetic parameters, such as energy of activation and reaction order. Using the Lewis acids as catalysts for pyrolysis leads to a decrease in the temperature of the process beginning and the activation energy. In the presence of other catalysts activation energy does not significantly change. The increase of a seeming reaction order in the presence of Lewis acids possibly is a consequence of complication of the thermodestruction mechanism, with the appearance of new parallel competing stages.

Cross-Sensitive Potentiometric Sensors Based on Anti-Crown (C6HgF4)3

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 72
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Yuskina ◽  
Kirill Tugashov ◽  
Vladimir B. Shur ◽  
Irina A. Tikhonova ◽  
Vasily Babain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crown Ether ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Polymeric Membranes ◽  
Potentiometric Sensors ◽  
Inorganic Salts

In this work, we explore the possibility of using anti-crown ether (C6HgF4)3 as a membrane-active component for potentiometric cross-sensitive sensors. Anti-crown ligands have already been employed as ionophores in plasticized polymeric membranes; however, the results of these studies are contradictory. In order to clarify the electrochemical sensitivity patterns of anti-crown-based sensors, we have studied plasticized polymeric membranes containing cation and anion-exchanging additives and various solvent-plasticizers. We explored the electrochemical sensitivity of these membranes in a wide variety of aqueous solutions of inorganic salts. Alkaline, alkaline-earth, and d-element salts with different anions were studied. It was found that the sensors based on anti-crown (C6HgF4)3 exhibit cationic sensitivity, and no considerable anionic responses were observed.

BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: V. FACTORS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF USTILAGIC ACID BY USTILAGO ZEAE

1951 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Thorn ◽  
R. H. Haskins
Keyword(s):  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Corn Steep Liquor ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Media ◽  
Steep Liquor

In a study of factors affecting the formation of ustilagic acid by Ustilago zeae (PRL 119) in submerged culture, yields of the acid ranging from 5 to 23 mgm. per ml. were obtained in three to five days, depending upon the concentration of medium constituents and the rate of aeration. The media employed contained cerelose, urea, corn steep liquor, and inorganic salts. Yields of ustilagic acid were usually between 8 and 15 mgm. per ml., corresponding to 12 to 23% conversion of the available glucose, on a carbon basis. Yields of the acid increased with increasing rates of aeration. Urea gave slightly higher yields than did the ammonium salts tested. Corn steep liquor concentration was optimal at 0.06%. Yields of ustilagic acid increased with increasing cerelose concentration, but the rate of conversion of carbohydrate into the acid decreased. About the same yields of ustilagic acid were obtained in shaken 500-ml. flasks, in nine-liter, and 30-liter fermentors.

scholarly journals The Effect of Hydrotropic Salts on Phase Relationships Involving Hydrocarbons, Water, and Alcohols

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience C. Ho ◽  
Kurt A. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Alkali Metal ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Alkyl Benzene ◽  
Organic Salts ◽  
Alcohol Water ◽  
Phase Relationships

Abstract Hydrotropic salts, which can increase the solubility of organic materials in aqueous solutions, are of interest in a variety of industries including those related to tertiary oil recovery. We have examined effects of solubility of hydrocarbons in water (with and without alcohols) by adding inorganic hydrotropic salts such as perchlorates, thiocyanates, and iodides (high in the usual Hofmeister series), organic salts such as short chain alkyl benzene sulfonates, and other salts based on substituted benzene derivatives. Although the inorganic salts are relatively ineffective in increasing solubility of hydrocarbons in water, many of the organic salts are excellent hydrotropic agents for hydrocarbons. We have examined the phase relationships for several series of aromatic salts such as sulfonates, carboxylates, and hydrocarboxylates as a function of alkyl-carbon substitution in three-component (hydrocarbon, salt, water) and in four-component (hydrocarbon, salt, alcohol, water) systems. We also have examined miscibility relationships for a given hydrotropic salt as the chain length of alkanes and alkyl benzenes is varied systematically. While miscibilities decrease with increase in chain length of the hydrocarbon, the hydrotropic properties in these systems increase rapidly with the number of alkyl carbons on the benzene ring of the salts, and they are relatively insensitive to the type of charged group (sulfonate vs. carboxylate) attached to the benzene ring. However, there are significant increases in hydrotropy as one goes from equally substituted sulfonates or carboxylates to salicylates. A number of salts have been identified that have much greater hydrotropic properties for hydrocarbons than well-known hydrotropic materials such as toluene and xylene sulfonates. Introduction Hydrotropic materials are compounds that in aqueous solutions tend to increase the solubility of materials normally slightly soluble in water. This phenomenon also commonly is referred to as "salting-in". Salting-in was noted by Hofmeister in 1888; Neuberg introduced the term "hydrotropic" in 1916. Hydrotropic salts may be organic or inorganic. Typical organic materials are alkali metal or alkaline earth salts of sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, and salicylic acids: typical inorganic salts are alkali metal or alkaline earth perchlorates, ammonium thiocyanate, and iodides. Such materials have been proposed for use in many industries, including pulp and paper, soap and detergent, leather, dye and textile, and cosmetics. In the past few years we have published several papers on the effect of organic hydrotropic salts on solubility of hydrocarbons in either water or aqueous/alcohol systems. Much of the work was with low-molecular-weight alkyl benzene sulfonates. These are chemically similar to components of practical surfactants used in enhanced oil recovery, except that their alkyl chains are shorter than usually is thought necessary for formation of micelles. A series of alkyl benzoates and of alkyl salicylates were investigated also. We believe that the miscibilities of systems containing these classes of compounds, which we call "protosurfactants." will prove helpful in understanding the much more complicated hydrocarbon/water/inorganic salt/surfactant/cosurfactant systems of micellar flooding. These simpler systems can be regarded as limiting cases of practical micellar-flood chemistry and may help establish rules for mutual hydrocarbon/water solubility. Studies of phase behavior of simple systems comprised of hydrocarbon/alcohol/water/salt have been carried out at the U. of Minnesota, apparently from similar motivations. In addition, low-molecular-weight organic salts probably are components of practical oil-recovery surfactants or may be added advantageously, as they frequently are in conventional detergent formulations. SPEJ P. 363^

The cobaltinitrite (volumetric) method of estimating potassium in soil-extracts

1929 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Volumetric Method ◽  
Ammonium Salts ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Analytical Basis ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Plant Ash

The cobaltinitrite method, in the volumetric form here described in detail, enables known amounts of potassium to be accounted for quantitatively, independently of the presence of alkaline earth sulphates, or phosphates, provided that the amount of potassium is not varied over too great a range. The factor 0·000830 gm. K2O per c.c. N/10 KMnO4 suits the procedure described over a range of about 3 to 50 mg. K2O. Outside this range, or for highly accurate work within it, it may be desirable to calibrate the method.The method may be applied, in plant-ash analyses, indifferently to the original extracts containing other bases and phosphates, or to the mixed sulphates weighed for sodium and potassium together. It is applicable to small-quantity work upon soils with greater exactness and speed than is the perchlorate method. Citric acid extracts can be handled, with a relatively short manipulation, to give satisfactory results.Some analyses of ammonium chloride extracts have been unsatisfactory, and attention is called to the desirability of setting exchangeable potassium determinations upon a firmer analytical basis, by investigation of methods of freeing the extracts from ammonium salts.

THERMOLUMINESCENCE IN ALKALINE-EARTH DOPED KCl IRRADIATED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

1976 ◽  
Vol 37 (C7) ◽  
pp. C7-158-C7-158
Author(s):  
A. RASCÓN ◽  
J. L. ALVAREZ RIVAS
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Earth ◽  
Room Temperature
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