scholarly journals Extending the chemical product tree: a novel value chain for the production of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidones from biogenic acids

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (23) ◽  
pp. 6268-6276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Otto Haus ◽  
Yannik Louven ◽  
Regina Palkovits
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Chemical Product ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Common Platform

Bio-based monomers are synthesized in a two-step process starting from common platform chemicals. The featured sequence of heterogeneously-catalyzed reduction and gas phase dehydration makes for a promising alternative to traditional Reppe chemistry.

Efficient palladium catalysis for the upgrading of itaconic and levulinic acid to 2-pyrrolidones followed by their vinylation into value-added monomers

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 4532-4540
Author(s):  
Yannik Louven ◽  
Moritz O. Haus ◽  
Marc Konrad ◽  
Jan P. Hofmann ◽  
Regina Palkovits
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Palladium Catalysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Common Platform

Bio-based monomers are produced in a two-step process starting from common platform chemicals. The heterogeneously catalyzed reduction of bio-based acids into 2-pyrrolidones makes for a promising drop-in technology for the industrial NVP production.

scholarly journals Efficient utilization of renewable feedstocks: the role of catalysis and process design

2017 ◽  
Vol 376 (2110) ◽  
pp. 20170064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Palkovits ◽  
Irina Delidovich
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Efficient Utilization ◽  
Polar Solvents ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Renewable Feedstocks

Renewable carbon feedstocks such as biomass and CO 2 present an important element of future circular economy. Especially biomass as highly functionalized feedstock provides manifold opportunities for the transformation into attractive platform chemicals. However, this change of the resources requires a paradigm shift in refinery design. Fossil feedstocks are processed in gas phase at elevated temperature. In contrast, biorefineries are based on processes in polar solvents at moderate conditions to selectively deoxygenate the polar, often thermally instable and high-boiling molecules. Here, challenges of catalytic deoxygenation, novel strategies for separation and opportunities provided at the interface to biotechnology are discussed in form of showcases. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Providing sustainable catalytic solutions for a rapidly changing world’.

scholarly journals Applying a Sustainable Business Model Lens to Mutual Value Creation With Base of the Pyramid Suppliers

2020 ◽  
pp. 000765032097345
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Dembek ◽  
Jodi York
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Base Of The Pyramid ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Value Capture ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Sustainable Business Models ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

Base of the pyramid (BoP) ventures seek to create “mutual value” for themselves and poor communities, but often use business models unadapted for the BoP context, and have been less successful than hoped. Sustainable business models’ (SBMs) multi-stakeholder lens offers a promising alternative path to mutual value, but BoP-based SBM studies are scarce. This single case study explores whether and how SBM characteristics manifest in the business model and value outcomes of Habi, a Manila footwear company successfully creating mutual value with BoP suppliers. We find SBM characteristics underpin Habi’s dual-structure business model (value chain/shop) and success in four ways: viewing profits as a tool for community development resulted in designing both product and business model around community strengths; understanding communities as systems helped Habi address the complexities of poverty; balancing short-term business needs with a long-term, slow-growth approach led to their choice of investors; and implementing community value capture mechanisms ensured enduring community benefit.

The Chemistry and Characteristics of Nitric Acid-Graphite Intercalation

1982 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia R. Su ◽  
Daniel W. Oblas
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Fourth Stage ◽  
Acid Vapor ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Graphite Intercalation ◽  
One Step

ABSTRACTGas-phase intercalation of graphite by nitric acid is a one-step process. The weight uptake of the sample is a function of nitric acid vapor pressure. A pure second stage compound was formed when the HNO3 reservoir was maintained at 17°C. Only a fourth stage compound was formed when the acid was kept at 0°C. The product gases due to intercalation and gas species evolved during deintercalation were analyzed by mass spectrometry. NO2 and H2O were the major components detected from the intercalation product gases. A small amount of oxygen was also present. The existence of O2 is probably due to the photo-chemical decomposition of nitric acid. As such, the photodecomposition of nitric acid is not a contributory factor in the intercalation chemistry.

Preparation and Optical Properties of CuS Nanofilms by a Facile Two-Step Process

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhankui Cui ◽  
Junqiang Zhou ◽  
Suxiang Ge ◽  
Hongxiao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Phase Reaction ◽  
Spherical Nanoparticles ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Step Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Gas Phase Reaction ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Lower Temperature

CuS nanofilms were prepared by a facile two-step process including chemical bath deposition of Cu nanofilms first and the subsequent thermal sulfuration step. The composition and structure of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. The optical properties of CuS nanofilms were determined by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) technique. The results show that the nanofilms composed by Cu spherical nanoparticles were completely transformed to the nanofilms composed by CuS nanosheets when the sulfuration temperature was 350[Formula: see text]C. The light absorption edges of CuS nanofilms exhibit red shift when sulfuration occurred at lower temperature. A plausible growth mechanism related with gas phase reaction for formation of CuS nanofilms was also proposed.

scholarly journals Evolutionary engineering of Lactobacillus bulgaricus reduces enzyme usage and enhances conversion of lignocellulosics to D-lactic acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishnu Prasad J. ◽  
Tridweep K. Sahoo ◽  
Naveen S. ◽  
Guhan Jayaraman
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Lactobacillus Bulgaricus ◽  
Evolutionary Engineering ◽  
Enzyme Loading ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Abstract BackgroundSimultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of pre-treated lignocellulosics to biofuels and other platform chemicals has long been a promising alternative to separate hydrolysis and fermentation processes. However, the disparity between the optimum conditions (temperature, pH) for fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis leads to execution of the SSF process at sub-optimal conditions, which can affect the rate of hydrolysis and cellulose conversion. The fermentation conditions could be synchronized with hydrolysis optima by carrying out the SSF at a higher temperature, but this would require a thermo-tolerant organism. Economically viable production of platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has long been stymied because of the significantly higher cost of hydrolytic enzymes. The major objective of this work is to develop an SSF strategy for D- lactic acid production by a thermo-tolerant organism, in which the enzyme loading could significantly be reduced without compromising on the overall conversion.ResultsA thermo-tolerant strain of Lactobacillus bulgaricus was developed by adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) which enabled the SSF to be performed at 45 °C with reduced enzyme usage. Despite the reduction of enzyme loading from 15 Filter Paper Unit/ gLCB (FPU/gLCB) to 5 FPU/gLCB, we could still achieve ~8% higher cellulose to D-Lactic acid (D-LA) conversion in batch SSF, in comparison to the conversion by separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes at 45 °C and pH 5.5. Extending the batch SSF to SSF with pulse-feeding of 5% pre-treated biomass and 5 FPU/gLCB, at 12-hour intervals (36th h – 96th h), resulted in a titer of 108 g/L D-LA and 60% conversion of cellulose to D-LA. This is one among the highest reported D-LA titers achieved from LCB.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated that the SSF strategy, in conjunction with evolutionary engineering, could drastically reduce enzyme requirement and be the way forward for economical production of platform chemicals from lignocellulosics. We have shown that fed-batch SSF processes, designed with multiple pulse-feedings of the pre-treated biomass and enzyme, can be an effective way of enhancing the product concentrations.

scholarly journals Evolutionary engineering of Lactobacillus bulgaricus reduces enzyme usage and enhances conversion of lignocellulosics to D-lactic acid by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vishnu Prasad ◽  
Tridweep K. Sahoo ◽  
S. Naveen ◽  
Guhan Jayaraman
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification And Fermentation ◽  
Enzyme Hydrolysis ◽  
Lactobacillus Bulgaricus ◽  
Evolutionary Engineering ◽  
Enzyme Loading ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Simultaneous Saccharification

Abstract Background Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of pre-treated lignocellulosics to biofuels and other platform chemicals has long been a promising alternative to separate hydrolysis and fermentation processes. However, the disparity between the optimum conditions (temperature, pH) for fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis leads to execution of the SSF process at sub-optimal conditions, which can affect the rate of hydrolysis and cellulose conversion. The fermentation conditions could be synchronized with hydrolysis optima by carrying out the SSF at a higher temperature, but this would require a thermo-tolerant organism. Economically viable production of platform chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has long been stymied because of the significantly higher cost of hydrolytic enzymes. The major objective of this work is to develop an SSF strategy for D-lactic acid (D-LA) production by a thermo-tolerant organism, in which the enzyme loading could significantly be reduced without compromising on the overall conversion. Results A thermo-tolerant strain of Lactobacillus bulgaricus was developed by adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) which enabled the SSF to be performed at 45 °C with reduced enzyme usage. Despite the reduction of enzyme loading from 15 Filter Paper Unit/gLCB (FPU/gLCB) to 5 FPU/gLCB, we could still achieve ~ 8% higher cellulose to D-LA conversion in batch SSF, in comparison to the conversion by separate enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation processes at 45 °C and pH 5.5. Extending the batch SSF to SSF with pulse-feeding of 5% pre-treated biomass and 5 FPU/gLCB, at 12-h intervals (36th–96th h), resulted in a titer of 108 g/L D-LA and 60% conversion of cellulose to D-LA. This is one among the highest reported D-LA titers achieved from LCB. Conclusions We have demonstrated that the SSF strategy, in conjunction with evolutionary engineering, could drastically reduce enzyme requirement and be the way forward for economical production of platform chemicals from lignocellulosics. We have shown that fed-batch SSF processes, designed with multiple pulse-feedings of the pre-treated biomass and enzyme, can be an effective way of enhancing the product concentrations.

THERMODYNAMICS AND HYDROGEN STORAGE ABILITY OF BINARY HYDROGEN + HELP GAS CLATHRATE HYDRATE

2009 ◽  
Vol 08 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 57-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. BELOSLUDOV ◽  
O. S. SUBBOTIN ◽  
R. V. BELOSLUDOV ◽  
H. MIZUSEKI ◽  
Y. KAWAZOE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Hydrate Formation ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Clathrate Hydrate ◽  
Intermolecular Potential ◽  
Pure Hydrogen ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Hydrogen Molecules

Storage of hydrogen as hydrogen hydrate is a promising alternative technology to liquefied hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures or compressed hydrogen at high pressures. In this paper, computer simulation is performed based on the solid solution theory of clathrates of van der Waals and Platteeuw with some modifications that include in particular the account of multiple cage occupancies and host relaxation. The quasiharmonic lattice dynamics method employed here gives the free energy of clathrate hydrate to first order in the anharmonicity of intermolecular potential and permits to take into account quantum zero-point vibration of host lattice and hydrogen in the cages. It is employed to study the thermodynamic functions of binary (mixed) H 2– CH 4 hydrates of cubic structure II (sII) and hexagonal structure H (sH). It is shown that at divariant equilibrium "gas phase–gas hydrate" with increasing pressure the filling of large cavities by hydrogen proceeds gradually from single filling to the maximal number of hydrogen molecules in clusters included in large cages (four in sII and five in sH) preserving stability of the hydrogen–methane hydrates sII and sH. The results show that mass fraction of hydrogen in the mixed sH hydrate is significantly lower than in the mixed sII hydrate. Pressure of monovariant equilibrium " IceI h–gas phase–mixed sII hydrate" with increasing methane concentration in the gas phase lowers in comparison with the pressure of pure hydrogen hydrate formation. For the mixed hydrogen + methane sH hydrates, it was demonstrated that thermodynamic stability depends on the filling degree of small cavities by methane molecules and stability area shifts to lower pressure with increasing filling.

scholarly journals Gas phase conversion of eugenol into various hydrocarbons and platform chemicals

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 2527-2543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anand Mohan Verma ◽  
Nanda Kishore
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Phase Conversion ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Bio Oil

The unprocessed bio-oil derived from pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is a mixture of hundreds of oxy-compounds which vitiate the quality of bio-oil; therefore, it needs to be upgraded.

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