scholarly journals Effect of semolina pudding prepared from starch branching enzyme IIa and b mutant wheat on glycaemic response in vitro and in vivo: a randomised controlled pilot study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 617-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Corrado ◽  
Anna Cherta-Murillo ◽  
Edward S. Chambers ◽  
Abigail J. Wood ◽  
Amy Plummer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Branching Enzyme ◽  
Starch Branching Enzyme ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Randomised Controlled

The starch characteristics of raw semolina determine sbeIIa/b-AB pudding digestibility in vitro and glycaemic index in vivo.

scholarly journals Measurement of rapidly available glucose (RAG) in plant foods: a potential in vitro predictor of the glycaemic response

1996 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans N Englyst ◽  
Jan Veenstra ◽  
Geoffrey J Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Simple Calculation ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Equal Weight ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Human Small Intestine ◽  
Reference Amount

AbstractThe glycaemic index (GI) is an in vivo measurement based on the glycaemicresponse to carbohydrate-containing foods, and allows foods to be ranked on the basis of the rate of digestion and absorption of the carbohydrates that they contain. GI values are normalizedto a reference amount of available carbohydrate and do not reflect the amounts of carbohydrate normally present in foods; for example, a food with a low content of carbohydrates will have a high GI value if that carbohydrate is digested and absorbed rapidly in the human small intestine. This is potentially confusing for a person wishing to control his or her blood glucoselevels by the choice of foods. The rate and extent of starch digestion in vitro has been measured using a technique that classifies starch into three major fractions: rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). In addition, thistechnique gives a value for rapidly available glucose (RAG), which includes RDS, free glucose and the glucose moiety of sucrose. When the values for thirty-nine foods were expressed on the basis ofthe available carbohydrate content of these foods, highly significant (P<0·001) positive correlations were observed between GI and both RDS and RAG. The measurement of RAGin vitro provides values for direct calculation of the amount of glucose likely to be rapidly absorbed in the human small intestine and,thus, to influence blood glucose and insulin levels. These values can be used to compare foods, as eaten,on an equal-weight basis. Food-table RAG values would allow simple calculation of the total amount of RAG provided by single foods, by whole meals and by whole diets. Studies are planned in which RAG and the glycaemic response in man will be measured for identical food products.

scholarly journals Can Manipulation of Durum Wheat Amylose Content Reduce the Glycaemic Index of Spaghetti?

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Sissons ◽  
Francesco Sestili ◽  
Ermelinda Botticella ◽  
Stefania Masci ◽  
Domenico Lafiandra
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Wheat Cultivar ◽  
Amylose Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Branching Enzymes ◽  
Lifestyle Diseases

Resistant starch (RS) in foods has positive benefits for potentially alleviating lifestyle diseases. RS is correlated positively with starch amylose content. This study aimed to see what level of amylose in durum wheat is needed to lower pasta GI. The silencing of starch synthases IIa (SSIIa) and starch branching enzymes IIa (SBEIIa), key genes involved in starch biosynthesis, in durum wheat cultivar Svevo was performed and spaghetti was prepared and evaluated. The SSIIa and SBEIIa mutants have a 28% and 74% increase in amylose and a 2.8- and 35-fold increase in RS, respectively. Cooked pasta was softer, with higher cooking loss but lower stickiness compared to Svevo spaghetti, and with acceptable appearance and colour. In vitro starch digestion extent (area under the digestion curve) was decreased in both mutants, but much more in SBEIIa, while in vivo GI was only significantly reduced from 50 to 38 in SBEIIa. This is the first study of the glycaemic response of spaghetti prepared from SBEIIa and SSIIa durum wheat mutants. Overall pasta quality was acceptable in both mutants but the SBEIIa mutation provides a clear glycaemic benefit and would be much more appealing than wholemeal spaghetti. We suggest a minimum RS content in spaghetti of ~7% is needed to lower GI which corresponded to an amylose content of ~58%.

scholarly journals 1H NMR spectroscopy for the in vitro understanding of the glycaemic index

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934-1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Dona ◽  
Karola Landrey ◽  
Fiona S. Atkinson ◽  
Jennie C. Brand Miller ◽  
Philip W. Kuchel
Keyword(s):  
Nmr Spectroscopy ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Glucose Release ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Time Courses

The glycaemic index (GI) characterises foods by using the incremental area under the glycaemic response curve relative to the same amount of oral glucose. Its ability to differentiate between curves of different shapes, the peak response and other aspects of the glycaemic response is contentious. The present pilot study aimed to explore the possibility of using 1H NMR spectroscopy to better understand in vivo digestion characteristics as reflected in the glycaemic response of carbohydrate-rich foods; such an approach might be an adjunct to the in vivo GI test. The glycaemic response of two types of raw wheat flour (2005 from Griffith NSW, Chara, Row 10, Plot 6:181 and store-bought Coles™ Plain Flour) and a cooked store-bought flour was tested and compared with results recorded during the in vitro enzymatic digestion of the wheat flour samples by glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger (EC 3.2.1.3) as monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Comparing the digestion time courses of raw and cooked wheat starch recorded in vitro strongly suggests that the initial rate of glucose release in vitro correlates with the glycaemic spike in vivo. During the in vitro time courses, approximately four times as much glucose was released from cooked starch samples than from raw starch samples in 90 min. Monitoring enzymatic digestion of heterogeneous mixtures (food) by 1H NMR spectroscopy showcases the effectiveness of the technique in measuring glucose release and its potential use as the basis of an in vitro method for a better understanding of the GI.

scholarly journals Creatine Supplementation for Patients with Inflammatory Bowl Diseases: A Scientific Rationale for a Clinical Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1429
Author(s):  
Theo Wallimann ◽  
Caroline H. T. Hall ◽  
Sean P. Colgan ◽  
Louise E. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Crohn’S Disease ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Crohn's Disease ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Creatine Supplementation

Based on theoretical considerations, experimental data with cells in vitro, animal studies in vivo, as well as a single case pilot study with one colitis patient, a consolidated hypothesis can be put forward, stating that “oral supplementation with creatine monohydrate (Cr), a pleiotropic cellular energy precursor, is likely to be effective in inducing a favorable response and/or remission in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), like ulcerative colitis and/or Crohn’s disease”. A current pilot clinical trial that incorporates the use of oral Cr at a dose of 2 × 7 g per day, over an initial period of 2 months in conjunction with ongoing therapies (NCT02463305) will be informative for the proposed larger, more long-term Cr supplementation study of 2 × 3–5 g of Cr per day for a time of 3–6 months. This strategy should be insightful to the potential for Cr in reducing or alleviating the symptoms of IBD. Supplementation with chemically pure Cr, a natural nutritional supplement, is well tolerated not only by healthy subjects, but also by patients with diverse neuromuscular diseases. If the outcome of such a clinical pilot study with Cr as monotherapy or in conjunction with metformin were positive, oral Cr supplementation could then be used in the future as potentially useful adjuvant therapeutic intervention for patients with IBD, preferably together with standard medication used for treating patients with chronic ulcerative colitis and/or Crohn’s disease.

Resizable Ventricular Patch Plasty in the Porcine Left Ventricle a Pilot Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemijn H. F. Huijgen ◽  
Paul F. Gründeman ◽  
Tycho van der Spoel ◽  
Maarten-Jan Cramer ◽  
Paul Steendijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Left Ventricular Aneurysm ◽  
Patch Shape ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Patch Plasty

Objective Endoventricular circular patch plasty is a method used to reconstruct the ventricular cavity in patients with (post) ischemic left ventricular aneurysm or global dilatation. However, late redilatation with mitral regurgitation has been reported, in which postoperative apex shape seems to play an important role. We studied the feasibility of ventricular volume downsizing with a variably shaped patch in porcine hearts. Methods In five in vitro and two acute animal experiments, a dyskinetic aneurysm was simulated with a pericardial insert. Reducing patch surface by changing patch shape diminished end-diastolic volume. In vitro, static end-diastolic volume was determined for each patch shape using volumetry and echocardiography. In the acute animal experiments, preliminary observations of patch behavior in live material were made, and pressure/time relationship, dPdTmax, was registered. Results In vitro, bringing the convex patch into a flat plane reduced LV volume from 66 ± 7 mL (aneurysm) to 49 ± 5 mL. Four of 5 patch shapes further reduced volume to a mean of 38 ± 7 mL (P = 0.03). The in vitro echocardiographic measurements correlated with volumetry findings (r = 0.81). In the acute animal experiments, dPdTmax varied with patch shape, independent of volume changes. Conclusions In this pilot study, in vitro shape configuration of the resizable ventricular patch resulted in a calibrated end-diastolic volume reduction. The data of the two in vivo pilot experiments clearly indicate that change in patch configuration in the situation of more or less unchanged end-diastolic volume had impact on cardiac performance. Future studies must substantiate the results of this observation.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of IGF-I on Adiposity in HIV-associated Metabolic Disease: A Pilot Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy J. Kim ◽  
Sumit Vaghani ◽  
Larisa M. Zifchak ◽  
Joseph H. Quinn ◽  
Weimian He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disease ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Igf I ◽  
In Vivo Effects

scholarly journals Preservatives in glaucoma medication

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (11) ◽  
pp. 1497-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W Steven ◽  
Pouya Alaghband ◽  
Kin Sheng Lim
Keyword(s):  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Glaucoma Medication ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Extensive Body ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Preservative Free

Preservatives continue to be in widespread use in ophthalmic medications due to the convenience they provide, regulatory requirements and the higher cost of alternatives. Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) remains the most commonly used preservative but there is a trend towards the use of preservative-free (PF) drops for glaucoma, although at a higher price. An extensive body of literature explores BAK toxicity on ocular structures in animal and laboratory studies (in vitro and in vivo). Non-randomised controlled studies have provided some supporting evidence of its toxicity in patients, especially in those with pre-existing ocular surface disease (OSD) or on multiple medications. However, there have been very few randomised controlled trials that compare the same medication with and without BAK preservative. Several of these trials have never been published in any peer reviewed journals. Notwithstanding, those that have been published, have not demonstrated any clear benefits of the BAK-free formulations. Short duration and exclusion of those with OSD are limitations of these studies. There is a lack of evidence of clinically significant harm from a small number of BAK preserved drops in patients without OSD. This means that generally more expensive PF glaucoma medications should only be recommended for those on poly pharmacy or those with OSD but are not necessarily required for all patients.

scholarly journals In Vitro Metabolic Stability and Permeability of Gymnemagenin and Its In Vivo Pharmacokinetic Correlation in Rats – A Pilot Study

Planta Medica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (06) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rammohan Bera ◽  
Amit Kundu ◽  
Tuhinadri Sen ◽  
Dipan Adhikari ◽  
Sanmoy Karmakar
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Metabolic Stability
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