Uridine/UMP metabolism and their function on the gut in segregated early weaned piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 4081-4089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanya Li ◽  
Chunyan Xie ◽  
Qinhua Wang ◽  
Dan Wan ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Nucleotide Analogue ◽  
Uridine Monophosphate

Uridine monophosphate (UMP) is a major nucleotide analogue in mammalian milk and uridine (UR) is its gastro-intestinal metabolitein vivo.

scholarly journals Effects of chitosan on nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and mRNA expression in weaned piglets

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 359-366
Author(s):  
J. Li ◽  
B. Shi ◽  
S. Yan ◽  
L. Jin ◽  
Y. Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽  
No Production ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Inos Activity ◽  
Oxide Synthase ◽  
Inducible Nitric Oxide

The effects of chitosan on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and gene expression in vivo or vitro were investigated in weaned piglets. In vivo, 180 weaned piglets were assigned to five dietary treatments with six replicates. The piglets were fed on a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg chitosan/kg feed, respectively. In vitro, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a weaned piglet were cultured respectively with 0 (control), 40, 80, 160, and 320 µg chitosan/ml medium. Results showed that serum NO concentrations on days 14 and 28 and iNOS activity on day 28 were quadratically improved with increasing chitosan dose (P < 0.05). The iNOS mRNA expressions were linearly or quadratically enhanced in the duodenum on day 28, and were improved quadratically in the jejunum on days 14 and 28 and in the ileum on day 28 (P < 0.01). In vitro, the NO concentrations, iNOS activity, and mRNA expression in unstimulated PBMCs were quadratically enhanced by chitosan, but the improvement of NO concentrations and iNOS activity by chitosan were markedly inhibited by N-(3-[aminomethyl] benzyl) acetamidine (1400w) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the increase of NO concentrations, iNOS activity, and mRNA expression in PBMCs induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were suppressed significantly by chitosan (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the NO concentrations, iNOS activity, and mRNA expression in piglets were increased by feeding chitosan in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, chitosan improved the NO production in unstimulated PBMCs but inhibited its production in LPS-induced cells, which exerted bidirectional regulatory effects on the NO production via modulated iNOS activity and mRNA expression.

Comparison of the Small Intestine of 0-day-old Neonatal Piglets vs. 21-day-old Weaned Piglets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yuan ◽  
Yuxin Jin ◽  
Abid Ullah Shah ◽  
En Zhang ◽  
penghao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Secretory Iga ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Weaned Piglet ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Abstract Background: Neonatal piglets are susceptible to intestinal infections . Gut is the body’s major immune structure and the intestinal mucosa, which is composed of intestinal epithelial cells (IELs) and subepithelial natural immune cells, is considered as the primary site for eliciting local immune responses to foreign antigens. This study compared the intestinal immune cells of neonatal and weaned piglets to provide a theoretical and mechanistic basis for preventing intestinal infectious diseases. Results: Histological analyses of weaned piglet intestines showed increased crypt depth, high IEL count, and increased areas of ileal Peyer’s patches. Additionally, the duodenal and ileal villi of weaned piglets were longer than those of neonatal piglets. Expression of claudin-3 protein in weaned piglets was remarkably high as compared with neonatal piglets. The number of CD3 + T cells, goblet cells, and secretory cells was high in the small intestines of weaned piglets in vivo. Contrarily, secretory IgA-positive cell numbers in the jejunum remained unchanged between neonatal and weaned piglets. Gene expression of 12 pattern recognition receptor (PRR) (TLR1–10, MDA5, and RIG-I) was examined in neonatal and weaned piglet small intestine (duodenum, jejunum , and ileum). The pattern of mRNA expression level of most PRR genes in the duodenum and jejunum was inverse of that in the ileum. Compared with weaned piglets, there were significantly fewer intestinal lymphocytes at birth in neonatal pigs. Conclusions: The physical, biochemical, and immune-related components of neonatal and weaned piglet small intestines were investigated to provide preliminary data on the pathogenetic mechanism for future studies.

Diet contaminated with ochratoxin A at the highest level allowed by EU recommendation disturbs liver metabolism in weaned piglets

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Marin ◽  
M. Motiu ◽  
G.C. Pistol ◽  
M.A. Gras ◽  
F. Israel-Roming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Liver Metabolism ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Hepatocellular Injury ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Liver Health

Ochratoxins, are toxic fungal metabolites produced by certain moulds of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium that grow on a wide range of raw food commodities. The most relevant toxin is ochratoxin A (OTA) and the European Commission has established guidance values for OTA concerning complementary and complete feeding stuff recommending that for pigs a maximum concentration of 0.05 mg/kg. These guidance values represent only a recommendation of the Commission and the establishment of a legal regulation needs additional toxicological data generated from farm animal experiments. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of OTA – at the recommended EU guidance value of 0.05 mg/kg – on liver health. For this purpose, twelve crossbred, weaned piglets were fed for 33 days a maize-soybean-meal-based diet contaminated or not with 0.05 mg/kg OTA. Blood plasma samples were collected at the end of this period and subjected to biochemical analyses, whereas liver samples were analysed for cytokine concentration (ELISA), enzyme activity and expression of selected genes (qRT-PCR) involved in liver metabolism. Exposure to OTA resulted in a significant decrease in the concentrations of total protein, albumin and nitric oxide in plasma, and interleukin-6 in the liver. OTA exposure also resulted in a significant increase of alanine aminotransferase and triglycerides in plasma and of superoxide dismutase in the liver. In conclusion, the administration of 0.05 mg/kg of OTA, to weaned piglets for a period of 33 days caused measurable hepatocellular injury in the toxin-exposed. Additional in vivo studies should be performed with larger numbers of animals in order to confirm our results and to provide robust data for the establishment of safe concentrations of OTA in swine feeds.

scholarly journals Anti-HCMV Activity of Cidofovir in Combination with Antiviral Compounds and Immunosuppressive Agents: In-Vitro Analyses

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Mulato ◽  
J. M. Cherrington ◽  
M. S. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Immunosuppressive Agents ◽  
Synergistic Inhibition ◽  
Nucleotide Analogue ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Antiviral Compounds ◽  
Transplantation Rejection ◽  
Hcmv Replication

Cidofovir 1-[(S)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy) propyl] cytosine, HPMPC] is an acyclic cytosine nucleotide analogue with potent in-vitro and in-vivo activity against a broad spectrum of herpesviruses including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Cidofovir has recently been shown to delay the progression of HCMV retinitis in AIDS patients. Therefore, the effects of several antiviral compounds (GCV, AZT, ddC., ddl, d4T, 3TC and PMEA) on the anti-HCMV activity of cidofovir were investigated in vitro. Cidofovir in combination with GCV demonstrated synergistic inhibition of HCMV replication. Very little significant antiviral synergy or antagonism was measured for any of the other combinations. Furthermore, none of the combinations showed increased cytotoxicity in comparison with each drug alone. Additionally, the antiviral activity of cidofovir was determined in the presence of several immunosuppressive agents (hydrocortisone, cyclosporine A, methotrexate and mycophenolic acid) that are commonly used in the management of organ transplantation rejection in transplant patients. None of these agents altered the antiviral activity of cidofovir in vitro.

Immunomodulatory activity of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA), a potent anti-HIV nucleotide analogue, on in vivo murine models

1991 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Del Gobbo ◽  
Andrea Foli ◽  
Jan Balzarini ◽  
Erik De Clercq ◽  
Emanuela Balestra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immunomodulatory Activity ◽  
Murine Models ◽  
Nucleotide Analogue ◽  
Anti Hiv

In Vitro and In Vivo Renoprotective Effects of Telbivudine in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients Receiving Nucleotide Analogue

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 3630-3641
Author(s):  
Lung-Yi Mak ◽  
Sze-Hang Liu ◽  
Desmond Yat-Hin Yap ◽  
Wai-Kay Seto ◽  
Danny Ka-Ho Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
Nucleotide Analogue

scholarly journals Tilmicosin Reduces PRRSV Loads in Pigs in vivo

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Chao-Nan Lin ◽  
Yu-Jian Yang ◽  
Wei-Hao Lin ◽  
Hsien-Ching Wu ◽  
Zhixuan Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macrolide Antibiotic ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Average Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Porcine Respiratory

<p>Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen having a significant economic impact on the swine industry worldwide. Tilmicosin is a new semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic developed from tylosin B. Tilmicosin can enter pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and inhibit the replication of PRRSV in PAMs <em>in vitro</em>. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of tilmicosin in controlling the replication of PRRSV <em>in vivo</em>. Forty and 635 weaned piglets were randomly chosen from PRRSV-contaminated farrow-to-finish herds in Taiwan and China, respectively. The piglets were equally divided into two groups and housed in the same pen but separated into individual spaces. Tilmicosin (Tilmovet<sup>®</sup> 20% premix, 400 mg/kg) was administered after weaning for 21 days (treated group). The untreated group of piglets did not receive tilmicosin. Blood samples were collected at 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age to detect of the PRRSV load. At 8 and 10 weeks of age, the tilmicosin-treated piglets had a significantly lower PRRSV load than the untreated piglets (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05) in Taiwan. At 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks of age, the tilmicosin-treated piglets had a significantly lower PRRSV load than the untreated piglets (<em>P </em>&lt; 0.05) in China. These data indicates that animals treated with tilmicosin exhibited not only reduced PRRSV loads but also improved average daily weight gain during the study period.</p>

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