scholarly journals Mechanical degradation of polyacrylamide at ultra high deformation rates during hydraulic fracturing

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boya Xiong ◽  
Prakash Purswani ◽  
Taylor Pawlik ◽  
Laxmicharan Samineni ◽  
Zuleima T. Karpyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
High Deformation ◽  
Polymer Size

Degradation of drag reducer polyacrylamide under high volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) conditions alters its polymer size, distribution and chemical composition, potentially affecting the toxicity and treatability of the resulting wastewater.

Shale, Quakes, and High Stakes: Regulating Fracking-Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma, USA and Lancashire, UK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Miriam R. Aczel ◽  
Karen E. Makuch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Seismic Activity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The United States ◽  
Horizontal Drilling ◽  
Induced Seismic Activity

High-volume hydraulic fracturing combined with horizontal drilling has “revolutionized” the United States’ oil and gas industry by allowing extraction of previously inaccessible oil and gas trapped in shale rock [1]. Although the United States has extracted shale gas in different states for several decades, the United Kingdom is in the early stages of developing its domestic shale gas resources, in the hopes of replicating the United States’ commercial success with the technologies [2, 3]. However, the extraction of shale gas using hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling poses potential risks to the environment and natural resources, human health, and communities and local livelihoods. Risks include contamination of water resources, air pollution, and induced seismic activity near shale gas operation sites. This paper examines the regulation of potential induced seismic activity in Oklahoma, USA, and Lancashire, UK, and concludes with recommendations for strengthening these protections.

Chemical composition and size distribution of wintertime aerosols in the atmosphere of Mt. Hua in central China

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1251-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Li ◽  
Gehui Wang ◽  
Bianhong Zhou ◽  
Chunlei Cheng ◽  
Junji Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Central China

Size distribution and chemical composition of particulate matter stack emissions in and around a copper smelter

2014 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 271-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda González-Castanedo ◽  
Teresa Moreno ◽  
Rocío Fernández-Camacho ◽  
Ana María Sánchez de la Campa ◽  
Andrés Alastuey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Copper Smelter ◽  
Stack Emissions

scholarly journals On the competition among aerosol number, size and composition in predicting CCN variability: a multi-annual field study in an urbanized desert

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 6943-6958 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Crosbie ◽  
J.-S. Youn ◽  
B. Balch ◽  
A. Wonaschütz ◽  
T. Shingler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
North American ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North ◽  
Concentration Changes

Abstract. A 2-year data set of measured CCN (cloud condensation nuclei) concentrations at 0.2 % supersaturation is combined with aerosol size distribution and aerosol composition data to probe the effects of aerosol number concentrations, size distribution and composition on CCN patterns. Data were collected over a period of 2 years (2012–2014) in central Tucson, Arizona: a significant urban area surrounded by a sparsely populated desert. Average CCN concentrations are typically lowest in spring (233 cm−3), highest in winter (430 cm−3) and have a secondary peak during the North American monsoon season (July to September; 372 cm−3). There is significant variability outside of seasonal patterns, with extreme concentrations (1 and 99 % levels) ranging from 56 to 1945 cm−3 as measured during the winter, the season with highest variability. Modeled CCN concentrations based on fixed chemical composition achieve better closure in winter, with size and number alone able to predict 82 % of the variance in CCN concentration. Changes in aerosol chemical composition are typically aligned with changes in size and aerosol number, such that hygroscopicity can be parameterized even though it is still variable. In summer, models based on fixed chemical composition explain at best only 41 % (pre-monsoon) and 36 % (monsoon) of the variance. This is attributed to the effects of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production, the competition between new particle formation and condensational growth, the complex interaction of meteorology, regional and local emissions and multi-phase chemistry during the North American monsoon. Chemical composition is found to be an important factor for improving predictability in spring and on longer timescales in winter. Parameterized models typically exhibit improved predictive skill when there are strong relationships between CCN concentrations and the prevailing meteorology and dominant aerosol physicochemical processes, suggesting that similar findings could be possible in other locations with comparable climates and geography.

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