Environmental context Thallium occurs in the environment in two oxidation states, with TlIII being 1000-fold more toxic than TlI. We present a fractionation and speciation study of thallium in suspended particulate matter from highly polluted wastewater samples, and elucidate the dominant forms of thallium. Abstract Thallium (Tl) is a toxic element, whose toxicity is affected by its redox state. Compared with TlIII, TlI is thermodynamically more stable and less reactive; therefore in aquatic environments, dissolved thallium is mostly present as TlI. However, TlIII could be 1000 times more toxic than TlI. A combination of a fractionation and a speciation study carried out in highly polluted wastewater samples from a mining area in southern Poland in order to characterise chemical speciation of Tl in physically defined fractions is presented here. Total, particulate and dissolved thallium was determined. A leaching experiment based on forming TlIII complexed with diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid – a TlIII–DTPA complex – was performed in filters containing suspended particulate matter after single (0.45µm) and sequential filtration (15 + 0.45µm) of wastewater samples. This is the first speciation study of Tl carried out in suspended particulate matter. The results obtained indicate that the dominant form of Tl in suspended particulate matter is TlI, but TlIII could be found in suspended particulate matter fractions larger than 0.45µm.
Strategies for determining heteroaggregation attachment efficiencies of engineered nanoparticles in aquatic environments