scholarly journals Current and future role of Haber–Bosch ammonia in a carbon-free energy landscape

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collin Smith ◽  
Alfred K. Hill ◽  
Laura Torrente-Murciano
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Landscape ◽  
Free Energy Landscape ◽  
Future Role ◽  
The Future ◽  
Term Energy

The future of green ammonia as long-term energy storage relies on the replacement of the conventional CO2 intensive methane-fed Haber–Bosch process by distributed and agile ones aligned to the geographically isolated and intermittent renewable energy.

Topography of the Free Energy Landscape on the Claisen-Schmidt Condensation: Solvent and Temperature Effect in the Rate-Controlling Step

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayara Dantas Coutinho ◽  
Hugo Gontijo Machado ◽  
Valter Henrique Carvalho-Silva ◽  
Wender A. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Aldol Condensation ◽  
Energy Landscape ◽  
Bond Formation ◽  
Free Energy Landscape ◽  
Rate Controlling Step ◽  
Formation Step

Recent studies have assigned hydroxide elimination and C=C bond formation step in base-promoted aldol condensation the role of having a strong influence in the overall rate reaction, in contrast to...

scholarly journals Long-Term Projection of Renewable Energy Technology Diffusion

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 4261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Skoczkowski ◽  
Sławomir Bielecki ◽  
Joanna Wojtyńska
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Technology Diffusion ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Learning Curves ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
The Future ◽  
Term Energy ◽  
The Eu

The EU aims at increasing the use of renewable energy sources (RES), mainly solar-photovoltaic (PV) and wind technologies. Projecting the future, in this respect, requires a long-term energy modeling which includes a rate of diffusion of novel technologies into the market and the prediction of their costs. The aim of this article has been to project the pace at which RES technologies diffused in the past or may diffuse in the future across the power sector. This analysis of the dynamics of technologies historically as well as in modeling, roadmaps and scenarios consists in a consistent analysis of the main parameters of the dynamics (pace of diffusion and extent of diffusion in particular markets). Some scenarios (REMIND, WITCH, WEO, PRIMES) of the development of the selected power generation technologies in the EU till 2050 are compared. Depending on the data available, the learning curves describing the expected development of PV and wind technologies till 2100 have been modeled. The learning curves have been presented as a unit cost of the power versus cumulative installed capacity (market size). As the production capacity increases, the cost per unit is reduced thanks to learning how to streamline the manufacturing process. Complimentary to these learning curves, logistic S-shape functions have been used to describe technology diffusion. PV and wind generation technologies for the EU have been estimated in time domain till 2100. The doubts whether learning curves are a proper method of representing technological change due to various uncertainties have been discussed. A critical analysis of effects of the commonly applied models for a long-term energy projection (REMIND, WITCH) use has been conducted. It has been observed that for the EU the analyzed models, despite differences in the target saturation levels, predict stagnation in the development of PV and wind technologies from around 2040. Key results of the analysis are new insights into the plausibility of future deployment scenarios in different sectors, informed by the analysis of historical dynamics of technology diffusion, using to the extent possible consistent metrics.

Solar futures: a systematic review of long-term global solar photovoltaic adoption scenarios

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Jaxa-Rozen ◽  
Evelina Trutnevyte
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
Energy Transitions ◽  
Term Energy

<p>Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology has been the fastest-growing renewable energy technology in recent years. Since 2009, it has in fact experienced the largest capacity growth of any power generation technology, with benchmark levelized costs falling by four-fifths [1]. In addition, the global technical potential of PV largely exceeds global primary energy demand [2]. Nonetheless, PV typically only appears as a relatively marginal option in long-term energy modelling studies and scenarios. These include the mitigation pathways evaluated in the context of the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which rely on integrated assessment models (IAMs) of climate change and have in the past underestimated PV growth as compared to observed rates of adoption [2]. Similarly, global energy projections, such as the International Energy Agency's World Energy Outlook, have been relatively conservative regarding the role of solar PV in long-term energy transitions.</p><p>In order to better understand the long-term global role of solar PV as perceived by various modeling communities, this work synthesizes a broad ensemble of scenarios for global PV adoption at the 2050 horizon. This ensemble includes 784 IAM-based scenarios from the IPCC SR15 and AR5 databases, and 82 other systematically selected scenarios published over the 2010-2019 period in the academic and gray literature, such as PV-focused techno-economic analyses and global energy outlooks. The scenarios are analyzed using a descriptive framework which combines scenario indicators (e.g. mitigation policies depicted in a scenario), model indicators (e.g. the representation of technological change in the underlying model), and meta-indicators (e.g. the type of institution which authored a scenario). We extend this scenario framework to include a text-mining approach, using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to associate scenarios with different textual perspectives identified in the ensemble, such as energy access or renewable energy transitions. We then use a scenario discovery approach to identify the combinations of indicators which are most strongly associated with different regions of the scenario space.</p><p>Preliminary results indicate that the date of publication of a scenario has a predominant influence on projected PV adoption values: scenarios published in the first half of the 2010s thus tend to represent considerably lower PV adoption levels. In parallel, higher projected values are more strongly associated with renewable-focused institutions. Increasing the institutional diversity of scenario ensembles may thus lead to a broader range of considered futures [3].</p><p> <br>References<br>[1] Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre, “Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2019,” Frankfurt, Germany, 2019.<br>[2] F. Creutzig, P. Agoston, J. C. Goldschmidt, G. Luderer, G. Nemet, and R. C. Pietzcker, “The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change,” Nat Energy, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 1–9, Aug. 2017, doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.140.<br>[3] E. Trutnevyte, W. McDowall, J. Tomei, and I. Keppo, “Energy scenario choices: Insights from a retrospective review of UK energy futures,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 55, pp. 326–337, Mar. 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.067.</p>

scholarly journals Hard Coal in the Fuel-Mix Of Poland: The Long-Term Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Gawlik ◽  
Maciej Kaliski ◽  
Jacek Kamiński ◽  
Andrzej P. Sikora ◽  
Adam Szurlej
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Future Role ◽  
Coal Price ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Future

AbstractThis paper reviews the coal policy of Poland. It analyzes the forecasts of production and consumption of hard coal, the size of exports and imports and its importance for the energy sector on the basis of strategic documents. The main aim of the article is to show the role of hard coal in the fuel - energy balance of Poland until 2050. The adoption of appropriate assumptions for each scenario, including the maximum supply of hard coal from domestic mines, coal price curves, CO2emission allowances and several calculations performed allowed to obtain certain results on the basis of which the future role of hard coal was determined.

scholarly journals On the Role of Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions on the Conformational Free Energy Landscape of MIL-101(Cr) Structural Building Units

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loukas Kollias ◽  
David Cantu ◽  
Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou ◽  
Roger Rousseau ◽  
Matteo Salvalaglio
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Energy Landscape ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Free Energy Landscape ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Enthalpy And Entropy ◽  
Conformational Free Energy

The thermostructural behavior of metal-organic framework (MOF) precursors is responsible for regulating the introduction of MOF structure defects during synthesis. In this paper, we evaluate factors affecting the flexibility of MIL-101(Cr) half – secondary building units (half-SBUs) in solution using enhanced sampling methods. In particular, we calculate entropic and enthalpic contributions to the conformational free energy landscape of isolated MIL-101(Cr) half-SBUs, in water, in the presence and absence of ionic species (Na<sup>+</sup> and F<sup>-</sup>), and in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). We find that the interplay between enthalpy and entropy determines the most probable conformational state for half-SBUs. Furthermore, we investigate the role of enthalpy and entropy in the conformational rearrangement of an SBU in water, noting that entropic contributions are essential to stabilize configurations that depart from those coherent with the MIL-101(Cr) crystal structure. Our analysis highlights the importance of explicitly considering entropic effects on the configurational ensembles of MOF building units, as such effects can significantly impact the relative stability of structurally different conformers, which ultimately can be responsible for the formation of defects during materials synthesis.

scholarly journals On the Role of Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions on the Conformational Free Energy Landscape of MIL-101(Cr) Structural Building Units

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loukas Kollias ◽  
David Cantu ◽  
Vassiliki-Alexandra Glezakou ◽  
Roger Rousseau ◽  
Matteo Salvalaglio
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Energy Landscape ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Free Energy Landscape ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Enthalpy And Entropy ◽  
Conformational Free Energy

The thermostructural behavior of metal-organic framework (MOF) precursors is responsible for regulating the introduction of MOF structure defects during synthesis. In this paper, we evaluate factors affecting the flexibility of MIL-101(Cr) half – secondary building units (half-SBUs) in solution using enhanced sampling methods. In particular, we calculate entropic and enthalpic contributions to the conformational free energy landscape of isolated MIL-101(Cr) half-SBUs, in water, in the presence and absence of ionic species (Na<sup>+</sup> and F<sup>-</sup>), and in N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF). We find that the interplay between enthalpy and entropy determines the most probable conformational state for half-SBUs. Furthermore, we investigate the role of enthalpy and entropy in the conformational rearrangement of an SBU in water, noting that entropic contributions are essential to stabilize configurations that depart from those coherent with the MIL-101(Cr) crystal structure. Our analysis highlights the importance of explicitly considering entropic effects on the configurational ensembles of MOF building units, as such effects can significantly impact the relative stability of structurally different conformers, which ultimately can be responsible for the formation of defects during materials synthesis.

scholarly journals Role of Small Oligomers on the Amyloidogenic Aggregation Free-Energy Landscape

2010 ◽  
Vol 395 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianglan He ◽  
Jason T. Giurleo ◽  
David S. Talaga
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Landscape ◽  
Free Energy Landscape

scholarly journals On the Role of Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions to the Conformational Free Energy Landscape of MIL‐101(Cr) Secondary Building Units

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 2000092
Author(s):  
Loukas Kollias ◽  
David C. Cantu ◽  
Vassiliki‐Alexandra Glezakou ◽  
Roger Rousseau ◽  
Matteo Salvalaglio
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Landscape ◽  
Free Energy Landscape ◽  
Secondary Building Units ◽  
Conformational Free Energy
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