Mechanism of photocatalytic toluene oxidation with ZnWO4: a combined experimental and theoretical investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 5692-5697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongyi Sheng ◽  
Dingren Ma ◽  
Qing He ◽  
Kai Wu ◽  
Liu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Theoretical Investigation ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Toluene Oxidation ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction

ZnWO4 was found to adsorb O2 and H2O, and activate them to produce active radicals. The reactions to form benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid could be carried out spontaneously. The ring opening reaction is more likely to be carried out on benzoic acid.

scholarly journals A Kinetic Model for Toluene Oxidation Comprising Benzylperoxy Benzoate Ester as Reactive Intermediate in the Formation of Benzaldehyde

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A.A. Hoorn ◽  
P.L. Alsters ◽  
G.F. Versteeg
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Benzyl Alcohol ◽  
Reaction Pathway ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Reactive Intermediate ◽  
Toluene Oxidation ◽  
Acid Incorporation

During the oxidation of toluene under semibatch conditions, the formation of benzyl alcohol is initially equal to the rate of formation of benzaldehyde. As the overall conversion increases the benzyl alcohol concentration at first decreases much faster than benzaldehyde, but this decrease slows down causing the benzyl alcohol concentration to reduce to zero only very slowly. To account for this phenomenon a new reaction pathway has been proposed where the formation of benzaldehyde out of benzylhydroperoxide is catalysed by benzoic acid. Incorporation of this new reaction in a model improves the description of benzyl alcohol concentration prophiles while maintaining good predictions for benzaldehyde and benzoic acid.

On the Conrotatory Ring Opening of 3-Carbomethoxycyclobutene Vis-À-Vis 3-Carbomethoxy-1,2-Benzocyclobutene and the Predominant Inward Opening of 3-Dimethylaminocarbonyl-1,2-Benzocyclobutene

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veejendra Yadav ◽  
Dasari L V K Prasad ◽  
Arpita Yadav ◽  
Maddali L N Rao
Keyword(s):  
Transition State ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Electron Process ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Stable Species ◽  
Electron Event

<p>The torquoselectivity of conrotatory ring opening of 3-carbomethoxycyclobutene is controlled by p<sub>C1C2</sub>→s*<sub>C3C4</sub> and s<sub>C3C4</sub>→p*<sub>CO</sub> interactions in the transition state in a 4-electron process as opposed to only s<sub>C3C4</sub>→p*<sub>CO</sub> interaction in an apparently 8-electron event in 3-carbomethoxy-1,2-benzocyclobutene. The ring opening of 3-carbomethoxy-1,2-benzocyclobutene is sufficiently endothermic. We therefore argue that the reverse ring closing reaction is faster than the forward ring opening reaction and, thus, it establishes an equilibrium between the two and subsequently allows formation of the more stable species <i>via</i> outward ring opening reaction. Application of this argument to 3-dimethylaminocarbonyl-1,2-benzocyclobutene explains the predominantly observed inward opening.</p>

scholarly journals Expanding Monomers as Anti-Shrinkage Additives

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Philipp Marx ◽  
Frank Wiesbrock
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Covalent Bond ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Atomic Packing ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
Volumetric Expansion ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Measuring Techniques

Commonly, volumetric shrinkage occurs during polymerizations due to the shortening of the equilibrium Van der Waals distance of two molecules to the length of a (significantly shorter) covalent bond. This volumetric shrinkage can have severe influence on the materials’ properties. One strategy to overcome this volumetric shrinkage is the use of expanding monomers that show volumetric expansion during polymerization reactions. Such monomers exhibit cyclic or even oligocyclic structural motifs with a correspondingly dense atomic packing. During the ring-opening reaction of such monomers, linear structures with atomic packing of lower density are formed, which results in volumetric expansion or at least reduced volumetric shrinkage. This review provides a concise overview of expanding monomers with a focus on the elucidation of structure-property relationships. Preceded by a brief introduction of measuring techniques for the quantification of volumetric changes, the most prominent classes of expanding monomers will be presented and discussed, namely cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes, oxacycles, benzoxazines, as well as thiocyclic compounds. Spiroorthoesters, spiroorthocarbonates, cyclic carbonates, and benzoxazines are particularly highlighted.

Design and synthesis of 1,8-Naphthalimide Functionalized Benzothiadiazoles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajneesh Misra ◽  
Yogjivan Rout
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Cross Coupling ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
Cross Coupling Reaction ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction

A series of multi acceptor based push-pull derivatives BTD2–BTD5 were designed and synthesized via Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction followed by [2+2] cycloaddition–electrocyclic ring-opening reaction in which benzothiadiazole (BTD, A1), naphthalimide...

scholarly journals (1R,4S,5S)-5-((3-Hydroxypropyl)amino)-4-((1-Methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)Cyclopent-2-en-1-ol

Molbank ◽  
10.3390/m1199 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. M1199
Author(s):  
Milene A. G. Fortunato ◽  
Filipa Siopa ◽  
Carlos A. M. Afonso
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Data ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Mass Spectral Data ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Excellent Yield ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Nucleophilic Ring Opening

Using environmentally friendly conditions, the nucleophilic ring-opening reaction of 6-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-en-2-ol with 1-methyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol provided a novel thiol-incorporated aminocyclopentitol, (1R,4S,5S)-5-((3-hydroxypropyl)amino)-4-((1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)thio)cyclopent-2-en-1-ol, in excellent yield (95%). The newly synthesized compound was analyzed and characterized via 1H, 13C-NMR, HSQC, and mass spectral data.

ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Alkynylative Ring Opening Reaction of Oxabenzonorbornadienes Promoted by Palladium/Silver Cocatalytic System.

ChemInform ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Shanshan Liu ◽  
Sifeng Li ◽  
Hualei Chen ◽  
Qingjing Yang ◽  
Jianbin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Palladium Silver

scholarly journals Remediation of Anthracene-Contaminated Soil with Sophorolipids-SDBS-Na2SiO3 and Treatment of Eluting Wastewater

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2188
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Xiaofeng Wang ◽  
Lixiang Shi ◽  
Xianyuan Du ◽  
Zhansheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Elution Time ◽  
Factor B ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

The soil pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is serious in China, which not only affects the living and growing environment of plants and animals but also has a great impact on people’s health. The use of hydrophobic organic compounds to make use of surfactant ectopic elution processing is more convenient and cheaper as a repair scheme and can effectively wash out the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil. Therefore, we mixed sophorolipids:sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS):Na2SiO3 according to the mass ratio of 1:15:150. We explored the influencing factors of high and low concentrations of PAH-contaminated soil using a single factor test and four factors at a two-level factorial design. Then, the elution wastewater was treated by ultrasonic oxidation technology and the alkali-activated sodium persulfate technology. The results showed that: (1) In the single factor test, when the elution time is 8 h, the concentration of the compounded surfactant is 1200 mg/L, the particle size is 60 mesh, the concentration of NaCl is 100 mmol/L, and the concentration of KCl is 50 mmol/L, and the effect of the PAH-contaminated soil eluted by the composite surfactant is the best. Externally added NaCl and KCl salt ions have a more obvious promotion effect on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil; (2) in the interaction experiment, single factor B (elution time) and D (NaCl concentration) have a significant main effect. There is also a certain interaction between factor A (concentration agent concentration) and factor D, factor B, and factor C (KCl concentration); (3) the treatment of anthracene in the eluate by ultrasonic completely mineralizes the organic pollutants by the thermal and chemical effects produced by the ultrasonic cavitation phenomenon, so that the organic pollutants in the eluate are oxidized and degraded into simple environmentally friendly small molecular substances. When the optimal ultrasonic time is 60 min and the ratio of oxidant to activator is 1:2, the removal rate of contaminants in the eluent can reach 63.7%. At the same time, the turbidity of the eluent is significantly lower than that of the liquid after centrifugal separation, indicating that oxidants can not only remove the pollutants in elution water but also remove the residual soil particulate matter; and (4) by comparing the infrared spectrum of the eluted waste liquid before and after oxidation, it can be seen that during the oxidation process, the inner part of eluent waste liquid underwent a ring-opening reaction, and the ring-opening reaction also occurred in the part of the cyclic ester group of the surfactant, which changed from a ring to non-ring.

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