Effect of methyl and halogen substituents on the transmembrane movement of lipophilic ions

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (42) ◽  
pp. 23355-23363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana I. Rokitskaya ◽  
Victor B. Luzhkov ◽  
Galina A. Korshunova ◽  
Vadim N. Tashlitsky ◽  
Yuri N. Antonenko
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Substituent ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Penetrating Cations

The introduction of a halogen or a methyl substituent changes the speed of the flip-flop of the penetrating cations and anions in the opposite way.

Biophysics (and sociology) of ceramides.

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix M. Goñi ◽  
F-Xabier Contreras ◽  
L-Ruth Montes ◽  
Jesús Sot ◽  
Alicia Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Positive Curvature ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Lipid Monolayer ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Bilayer Permeability

In the past decade, the long-neglected ceramides (N-acylsphingosines) have become one of the most attractive lipid molecules in molecular cell biology, because of their involvement in essential structures (stratum corneum) and processes (cell signalling). Most natural ceramides have a long (16-24 C atoms) N-acyl chain, but short N-acyl chain ceramides (two to six C atoms) also exist in Nature, apart from being extensively used in experimentation, because they can be dispersed easily in water. Long-chain ceramides are among the most hydrophobic molecules in Nature, they are totally insoluble in water and they hardly mix with phospholipids in membranes, giving rise to ceramide-enriched domains. In situ enzymic generation, or external addition, of long-chain ceramides in membranes has at least three important effects: (i) the lipid monolayer tendency to adopt a negative curvature, e.g. through a transition to an inverted hexagonal structure, is increased, (ii) bilayer permeability to aqueous solutes is notoriously enhanced, and (iii) transbilayer (flip-flop) lipid motion is promoted. Short-chain ceramides mix much better with phospholipids, promote a positive curvature in lipid monolayers, and their capacities to increase bilayer permeability or transbilayer motion are very low or non-existent.

Moral deontologists are more likely to flip flop

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Robinson ◽  
Jason E. Plaks
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop

Coexistent thyroid and lung cancers resembling flip flop phenomenon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Cavaco ◽  
Joana Simões-Pereira ◽  
Valeriano Leite
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop ◽  
Lung Cancers

A Radiation-Hard Redundant Flip-Flop to Suppress Multiple Cell Upset by Utilizing the Parasitic Bipolar Effect

2013 ◽  
Vol E96.C (4) ◽  
pp. 511-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuiyuan ZHANG ◽  
Jun FURUTA ◽  
Ryosuke YAMAMOTO ◽  
Kazutoshi KOBAYASHI ◽  
Hidetoshi ONODERA
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Radiation Hard

Variation-Tolerance of a 65-nm Error-Hardened Dual-Modular-Redundancy Flip-Flop Measured by Shift-Register-Based Monitor Structures

2011 ◽  
Vol E94-A (12) ◽  
pp. 2669-2675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikara HAMANAKA ◽  
Ryosuke YAMAMOTO ◽  
Jun FURUTA ◽  
Kanto KUBOTA ◽  
Kazutoshi KOBAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shift Register ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Variation Tolerance ◽  
Modular Redundancy

MICRO-BUBBLES/FLIP-FLOP FLOW MIXED EFFLUX FROM A DIAMOND-SHAPED CYLINDER BUNDLE

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315
Author(s):  
Shinzaburo Umeda ◽  
Tomonori Wakabayashi ◽  
Kosaku Yamada ◽  
Kazuto Urakami ◽  
Hideyasu Tsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop

An All-Photonic Molecular Amplifier and Binary Flip-flop

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas MacDonald ◽  
Timothy Schmidt ◽  
Jonathon Beves
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modeling ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Reaction Kinetics ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Chemical System ◽  
Initial Composition ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Sequential Logic ◽  
Behavior Based

A chemical system is proposed that is capable of amplifying small optical inputs into large changes in internal composition, based on a feedback interaction between switchable fluorescence and visible-light photoswitching. This system would demonstrate bifurcating reaction kinetics under irradiation and reach one of two stable photostationary states depending on the initial composition of the system. This behavior would allow the system to act as a chemical realization of the flip-flop circuit, the fundamental element in sequential logic and binary memory storage. We use detailed numerical modeling to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed behavior based on known molecular phenomena, and comment on some of the conditions required to realize this system.

Memory Implementation using Multi Bit Flip-Flop

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Palagani Yellappa ◽  
◽  
Mareddi Bharathkumar ◽  
Shaik Shabana Azmi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flip Flop ◽  
Bit Flip

Timing Sensitivity Analysis of Logical Nodes in Scan Design Integrated Circuits by Pulsed Diode Laser Stimulation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kiyan ◽  
C. Boit ◽  
C. Brillert
Keyword(s):  
Laser Pulse ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Fault Injection ◽  
Scan Design ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Laser Stimulation ◽  
Scan Chain ◽  
P Type ◽  
Scan Pattern

Abstract In this paper, a methodology based upon laser stimulation and a comparison of continuous wave and pulsed laser operation will be presented that localizes the fault relevant sites in a fully functional scan chain cell. The technique uses a laser incident from the backside to inject soft faults into internal nodes of a master-slave scan flip-flop in consequence of localized photocurrent. Depending on the illuminated type of the transistors (n- or p-type), injection of a logic ‘0’ or ‘1’ into the master or the slave stage of a flip-flop takes place. The laser pulse is externally triggered and can easily be shifted to various time slots in reference to clock and scan pattern. This feature of the laser diode allows triggering the laser pulse on the rising or the falling edge of the clock. Therefore, it is possible to choose the stage of the flip-flop in which the fault injection should occur. It is also demonstrated that the technique is able to identify the most sensitive signal condition for fault injection with a better time resolution than the pulse width of the laser, a significant improvement for failure analysis of integrated circuits.

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