scholarly journals Strengthening and drying rate of a drying emulsion layer

Soft Matter ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (42) ◽  
pp. 8612-8626 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Goavec ◽  
S. Rodts ◽  
V. Gaudefroy ◽  
M. Coquil ◽  
E. Keita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Emulsion Layer

Silicone in water emulsion at different stages of drying (decreasing water concentration) viewed from the side (top) and from above (bottom) in a Petri dish, showing the formation of oil and surfactant layers below and around the free surface.

Oxygen Enhanced Exhaust Gas Recirculation for Compression Ignition Engines

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Salt ◽  
Dale R. Tree ◽  
Chiwon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Oxygen Enhancement

The benefits of oxygen enhancement in conjunction with EGR on emissions were investigated in a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Cylinder pressure, NOx, and particulate were measured for EGR sweeps with and without oxygen enhancement. In all cases, the total flow of oxygen to the cylinder was maintained constant. This was achieved by increasing cylinder pressure for typical EGR (N-EGR) and by adding oxygen to the intake stream for oxygen-enhanced EGR (O-EGR). The results show that O-EGR produced a substantially better combination of NOx and particulate than N-EGR. In the N-EGR cases, the EGR dilutes the oxidizer causing lower NOx and higher particulate. In O-EGR, flame temperature reduction leading to lower NOx is achieved by a combination of higher molar specific heats of CO2 and H2O and dilution. Particulate emissions decreased or remain constant with increasing O-EGR. In addition to the obvious challenge of providing a source oxygen to an engine, two operational challenges were encountered. First, as EGR was increased, the ratio of specific heats (Cp/Cv) of the cylinder intake charge decreased and decreased the compression temperature, causing significant changes in ignition delay. These changes were compensated for in the experiments by increasing intake temperature but would be challenging to manage in transient engine operation. Second, the increased water concentration in the exhaust created difficulties in the exhaust system and was suspected to have produced a water emulsion in the oil.

scholarly journals Post-Impact Characteristics of a Diesel-in-Water Emulsion Droplet on a Flat Surface Below the Leidenfrost Temperature

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-306
Author(s):  
Ahmad Muneer El-Deen Faik ◽  
Maathe Abdulwahed Theeb ◽  
Yang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Flat Plate ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Heated Surface ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Emulsion Droplet ◽  
Spread Rate ◽  
Plate Temperature ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Post Impact

Droplet impingement on solid surfaces takes place in a variety of industrial and environmental applications. However, there are still some areas that are not fully comprehended; emulsion droplet impact on a heated surface is one of these areas that require further comprehension. Hence, the present work represents an experimental exploration for spread characteristics of diesel-in-water (DW) emulsion droplet impacting a heated flat plate. Three different emulsions in which water concentration is set to 10%, 20%, and 30% of the overall emulsion content by volume have been tested in addition to the neat diesel. The temperature of the flat plate is varied over the range 20, 40, 60, and 80ºC respectively. Magnified high speed direct imaging and shadowgraphy have been used simultaneously for tracking droplet spread over the heated surface post impact. Droplet spread rate, maximum diameter, rebound height and velocity represent the main evaluated parameters. The results show that the maximum spread diameter is proportional while spread rate is inversely proportional to the increase in plate temperature for all diesel concentrations including the neat diesel. Whereas, droplet rebound height and velocity are found to be more responsive to the variation in diesel concentration than the variation in plate temperature, so they are both minimum in the case of neat diesel and are increasing by the decrease of diesel concentration in the emulsions.

Oxygen Enhanced Exhaust Gas Recirculation for Compression Ignition Engines

2011 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Salt ◽  
D. R. Tree ◽  
C. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Direct Injection ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Specific Heats ◽  
Oxygen Enhancement

The benefits of oxygen enhancement in conjunction with EGR on emissions were investigated in a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Cylinder pressure, NOx, and particulate were measured for EGR sweeps with and without oxygen enhancement. In all cases, the total flow of oxygen to the cylinder was maintained constant. This was achieved by increasing cylinder pressure for typical EGR (N-EGR) and by adding oxygen to the intake stream for oxygen-enhanced EGR (O-EGR). The results show that O-EGR produced a substantially better combination of NOx and particulate than N-EGR. In the N-EGR cases, the EGR dilutes the oxidizer causing lower NOx and higher particulate. In O-EGR, flame temperature reduction leading to lower NOx is achieved by a combination of higher molar specific heats of CO2 and H2O and dilution. Particulate emissions decreased or remain constant with increasing O-EGR. In addition to the obvious challenge of providing a source of oxygen to an engine, two operational challenges were encountered. First, as O-EGR was increased, the ratio of specific heats (Cp/Cv) of the cylinder intake charge decreased and decreased the compression temperature, causing significant changes in ignition delay. These changes were compensated for in the experiments by increasing intake temperature but would be challenging to manage in transient engine operation. Second, the increased water concentration in the exhaust created difficulties in the exhaust system and was suspected to have produced a water emulsion in the oil.

BIOOXIDATION OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES OF WASTE LIQUIDS ON THE COMBINED BIOREACTOR

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Konstantin L'vovich CHERTES ◽  
Olga Vladimirovna TUPICYNA ◽  
Oksana Alekseevna SAMARINA ◽  
Sergey Yur'evich ANDREEV
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Petrochemical Complex ◽  
Waste Storage ◽  
Organic Impurities ◽  
Emulsion Layer ◽  
Biochemical Reactor ◽  
Oil And Gas Companies

Activities of oil and gas companies are accompanied by the formation of liquid and pasteous hydrocarbon waste. A common way of dealing with these types of wastes is their placement, storage in specially equipped facilities (sludge reservoirs, ponds, anaerobic digestion, etc.). Сonsiders the major problems of processing of waste liquids of petrochemical complex with using biochemical reactor. Are presented the results of research of process of bio oxidation of organic matter in water-emulsion layer of waste storage using activated sludge plan.

DRYING RATE AND HARVEST LOSSES OF WINDROWED VERSUS DIRECT COMBINED BARLEY

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 713-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Water Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Drying Rates ◽  
Made In

Windrowing of cereal crops prior to harvest is reported to hasten drying and reduce losses due to shattering compared to direct combining, but few direct comparisons have been made in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Field studies were conducted over 4 yr to compare drying rates and harvest losses in windrowed and standing barley cultivars with varying susceptibility to shattering. Cutting treatments for comparing harvesting losses were initiated when kernel water concentration (KWC) dropped below about 670 g water per kg kernel dry weight, and were continued for 2 wk after combine ripeness (KWC 174 g kg−1). Natural shattering losses and cutting losses were measured at each cutting time, while combine pick-up losses were determined after combining of windrows cut at KWCs greater than 174 g kg−1. Cutting and pick-up losses were independent of harvest time when KWC at cutting was greater than 174 g kg−1. Cutting loss increased after combine ripeness, but was not related to cultivar shattering susceptibility. Combine pick-up losses ranged from 0.4 to 4.3% of yield, and were greater in low-yielding crops than in high-yielding crops. Total harvesting losses for direct combining ranged from 0.1 to 2.8% of yield compared to 0.8–7.7% for windrowing prior to combining in crops harvested at or before combine ripeness. Direct combining 1 and 2 wk later caused increased harvest losses (0.3–20% of yield) which were proportional to cultivar shattering susceptibility. Windrowed barley dried to combine ripeness from 0 to 3 d (mode 1 d) faster than standing barley.Key words: Barley, shattering susceptibility, cutting loss, combine pick-up loss, harvest losses, harvest methods

Influence of Operating Parameters on Energy Consumption of Electrohydrodynamic Drying

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-xiang Bai ◽  
Bing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Electrode Spacing ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Drying Efficiency

In order to improve the drying technique and the drying efficiency, reducing the energy consumption of Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying, the influence of operating parameters on the drying rate and energy consumption were investigated. Tofu contained in the petri dish was put in EHD system which was made up of a wire pole and a plate pole. By changing the voltage, electrode spacing and the distance between the two neighboring wires, the factors related to the drying rate and energy consumption were quantitatively studied. The results indicate that when the distance between the wire electrodes and the surface of the plate pole is constant, the drying rate increases linearly while the drying energy consumption increases nonlinearly with the supplied voltage. When the supplied voltage is not changed, the tofu drying rate and energy consumption are changed with the distance between the two neighboring wires. When the distance between the two neighboring wires is not changed, the tofu drying rate and energy consumption are changed with electrode spacing. When electrode spacing is 9 cm and the distance between the two neighboring wires is 9 cm, the drying rate is the highest while the energy consumption is relative least, 45 kV is the optimum value for drying voltage.

The Fine Structure of Rat Granulosa Cell Cultures Correlated with Progestin Secretion

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
T. M. Crisp ◽  
F.R. Denys
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Granulosa Cell ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
Immature Female ◽  
Serum Gonadotropin

The purpose of this paper is to present observations on the fine structure of rat granulosa cell cultures grown in the presence of an adenohypophyseal explant and to correlate the morphology of these cells with progestin secretion. Twenty-six day old immature female rats were given a single injection of 5 IU pregnant mares serum gonadotropin (PMS) in order to obtain ovaries with large vesicular follicles. At 66 hrs. post-PMS administration (estrus indicated by vaginal smear cytology), the ovaries were removed and placed in a petri dish containing medium 199 and 100 U penicillin/streptomycin (P/S)/ml. Under a 20X magnification dissecting microscope, some 5-8 vesicular follicles/ovary were punctured and the granulosa cells were expressed into the surrounding medium. The cells were transferred to centrifuge tubes and spun down at 1000 rpm for 5 mins.

Rotary Beveling for In Situ Thin-Section Microscopy of Cell Cultures

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 550-551
Author(s):  
Dean A. Handley ◽  
Jack T. Alexander ◽  
Shu Chien
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Convenient Method ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Thin Section Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Organic Fluids

In situ preparation of cell cultures for ultrastructural investigations is a convenient method by which fixation, dehydration and embedment are carried out in the culture petri dish. The in situ method offers the advantage of preserving the native orientation of cell-cell interactions, junctional regions and overlapping configurations. In order to section after embedment, the petri dish is usually separated from the polymerized resin by either differential cryo-contraction or solvation in organic fluids. The remaining resin block must be re-embedded before sectioning. Although removal of the petri dish may not disrupt the native cellular geometry, it does sacrifice what is now recognized as an important characteristic of cell growth: cell-substratum molecular interactions. To preserve the topographic cell-substratum relationship, we developed a simple method of tapered rotary beveling to reduce the petri dish thickness to a dimension suitable for direct thin sectioning.

On the role of tin underlays for the prevention of thermal grooving in thin gold films

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 732-733
Author(s):  
Jin Young Kim ◽  
R. E. Hummel ◽  
R. T. DeHoff
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Distinct Advantage ◽  
Gold Films ◽  
Gold Thin Film

Gold thin film metallizations in microelectronic circuits have a distinct advantage over those consisting of aluminum because they are less susceptible to electromigration. When electromigration is no longer the principal failure mechanism, other failure mechanisms caused by d.c. stressing might become important. In gold thin-film metallizations, grain boundary grooving is the principal failure mechanism.Previous studies have shown that grain boundary grooving in gold films can be prevented by an indium underlay between the substrate and gold. The beneficial effect of the In/Au composite film is mainly due to roughening of the surface of the gold films, redistribution of indium on the gold films and formation of In2O3 on the free surface and along the grain boundaries of the gold films during air annealing.

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