Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the major cause of clinical trial failure and postmarketing withdrawals of approved drugs. It is very expensive and time-consuming to evaluate hepatotoxicity using animal or cell-based experiments in the early stage of drug development. In this study, an in silico model based on the joint decision-making strategy was developed for DILI assessment using a relatively large dataset of 2608 compounds. Five consensus models were developed with PaDEL descriptors and PubChem, Substructure, Estate, and Klekota–Roth fingerprints, respectively. Submodels for each consensus model were obtained through joint optimization. The parameters and features of each submodel were optimized jointly based on the hybrid quantum particle swarm optimization (HQPSO) algorithm. The application domain (AD) based on the frequency-weighted and distance (FWD)-based method and Tanimoto similarity index showed the wide AD of the qualified consensus models. A joint decision-making model was integrated by the qualified consensus models, and the overwhelming majority principle was used to improve the performance of consensus models. The application scope narrowing caused by the overwhelming majority principle was successfully solved by joint decision-making. The proposed model successfully predicted 99.2% of the compounds in the test set, with an accuracy of 80.0%, a sensitivity of 83.9, and a specificity of 73.3%. For an external validation set containing 390 compounds collected from DILIrank, 98.2% of the compounds were successfully predicted with an accuracy of 79.9%, a sensitivity of 97.1%, and a specificity of 66.0%. Furthermore, 25 privileged substructures responsible for DILI were identified from Substructure, PubChem, and Klekota–Roth fingerprints. These privileged substructures can be regarded as structural alerts in hepatotoxicity evaluation. Compared with the main published studies, our method exhibits certain advantage in data size, transparency, and standardization of the modeling process and accuracy and credibility of prediction results. It is a promising tool for virtual screening in the early stage of drug development.
A galactose-mediated targeting nanoprobe for intracellular hydroxyl radical imaging to predict drug-induced liver injury