Combustion generated nanomaterials: online characterization via an ICP-MS based technique. Part II: resolving power for heterogeneous matrices

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1500-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Foppiano ◽  
M. Tarik ◽  
E. Gubler Müller ◽  
C. Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Elemental Detection

Elemental detection with high resolving power in the total particle size distribution.

scholarly journals Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban, near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 5513-5546 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ketzel ◽  
P. Wåhlin ◽  
A. Kristensson ◽  
E. Swietlicki ◽  
R. Berkowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
Traffic Source

Abstract. Particle size distribution (size-range 3–900 nm) and PM10 was measured simultaneously at an urban background station in Copenhagen, a near-city background and a rural location during a period in September-November 2002. The study investigates the contribution from urban versus regional sources of particle number and mass concentration. The total particle number (ToN) and NOx are well correlated at the urban and near-city level and show a distinct diurnal variation, indicating the common traffic source. The average ToN at the three stations differs by a factor of 3. The observed concentrations are 2500 # cm−3, 4500 # cm−3 and 7700 # cm−3 at rural, near-city and urban level, respectively. PM10 and total particle volume (ToV) are well correlated between the three different stations and show similar concentration levels, in average within 30% relative difference, indicating a common source from long-range transport that dominates the concentrations at all locations. Measures to reduce the local urban emissions of NOx and ToN are likely to affect both the street level and urban background concentrations, while for PM10 and ToV only measurable effects at the street level are probable. Taking into account the supposed stronger health effects of ultrafine particles reduction measures should address particle number emissions. The traffic source contributes strongest in the 10–200 nm particle size range. The maximum of the size distribution shifts from about 20–30 nm at kerbside to 50–60 nm at rural level. We also observe particle formation events in the 3–20 nm size range at rural location in the afternoon hours, mainly under conditions with low concentrations of pre-existing aerosol particles. The maximum in the size distribution of the "traffic contribution" seems to be shifted to about 28 nm in the urban location compared to 22 nm at kerbside. Assuming NOx as an inert tracer on urban scale let us estimate that ToN at urban level is reduced by 15–30% compared to kerbside. Particle removal processes, e.g. deposition and coagulation, which are most efficient for smallest particle sizes (<20 nm) and condensational growth are likely mechanisms for the loss of particle number and the shift in particle size.

scholarly journals Particle size distribution and particle mass measurements at urban,near-city and rural level in the Copenhagen area and Southern Sweden

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ketzel ◽  
P. Wåhlin ◽  
A. Kristensson ◽  
E. Swietlicki ◽  
R. Berkowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Rural Location ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Urban Level ◽  
Traffic Source

Abstract. Particle size distribution (size-range 3-900nm) and PM10 was measured simultaneously at an urban background station in Copenhagen, a near-city background and a rural location during a period in September-November 2002. The study investigates the contribution from urban versus regional sources of particle number and mass concentration. The total particle number (ToN) and NOx are well correlated at the urban and near-city level and show a distinct diurnal variation, indicating the common traffic source. The average ToN at the three stations differs by a factor of 3. The observed concentrations are 2500#cm, 4500#cm and 7700#cm at rural, near-city and urban level, respectively. PM10 and total particle volume (ToV) are well correlated between the three different stations and show similar concentration levels, in average within 30% relative difference, indicating a common source from long-range transport that dominates the concentrations at all locations. Measures to reduce the local urban emissions of NOx and ToN are likely to affect both the street level and urban background concentrations, while for PM10 and ToV only measurable effects at the street level are probable. Taking into account the supposed stronger health effects of ultrafine particles reduction measures should address particle number emissions. The traffic source contributes strongest in the 10-200nm particle size range. The maximum of the size distribution shifts from about 20-30nm at kerbside to 50-60nm at rural level. Particle formation events were observed in the 3-20nm size range at rural location in the afternoon hours, mainly under conditions with low concentrations of pre-existing aerosol particles. The maximum in the size distribution of the "traffic contribution" seems to be shifted to about 28nm in the urban location compared to 22nm at kerbside. Assuming NOx as an inert tracer on urban scale allows to estimate that ToN at urban level is reduced by 15-30% compared to kerbside. Particle removal processes, e.g. deposition and coagulation, which are most efficient for smallest particle sizes (20nm) and condensational growth are likely mechanisms for the loss of particle number and the shift in particle size.

Emissions From Various Biodiesel Sources Compared to a Range of Diesel Fuels in DPF Equipped Diesel Engines

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Williams ◽  
Jonathan Burton ◽  
Earl Christensen ◽  
Robert L. McCormick ◽  
John Tester
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Test Cycle ◽  
Particle Count ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Total Particle

The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of various sources of petroleum-based and bio-based diesel fuels on regulated emissions and fuel economy in diesel particulate filter (DPF) equipped diesel engines. Two model year 2008 diesel engines were tested with nine fuels including a certification ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), local ULSD, high aromatic ULSD, low aromatic ULSD, and twenty percent blends of biodiesel derived from algae, camelina, soy, tallow, and yellow grease. Regulated emissions were measured over the heavy duty diesel transient test cycle. Measurements were also made of DPF-out particle size distribution and total particle count from a 13-mode steady state test using a fast mobility particle sizer. Test engines were a 2008 Cummins ISB and a 2008 International Maxx Force 10, both equipped with actively regenerated DPFs. Fuel consumption was roughly 2% greater over the transient test cycle for the B20 blends versus certification ULSD in both engines, consistent with the slightly lower energy content of biodiesel. Unlike studies conducted on older model engines, these engines equipped with diesel oxidation catalysts and DPFs showed small or no measurable fuel effect on the tailpipe emissions of total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM). No differences in particle size distribution or total particle count were seen in a comparison of certification ULSD and B20 soy, with the exception of engine idling conditions where B20 produced a small reduction in the number of nucleation mode particles. In the Cummins engine, B20 prepared from algae, camelina, soy, and tallow resulted in an approximately 2.5% increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx) compared to the base fuel. The International engine demonstrated a higher degree of variability for NOx emissions, and fuel effects could not be resolved (p > 0.05). The group of petroleum diesel test fuels produced a range of NOx emissions very similar to that caused by blending of biodiesel. Test cycles where an active regeneration of the DPF occurred resulted in a nearly threefold increase in NOx emissions and a 15% increase in fuel consumption. The full quantification of DPF regeneration events further complicates the accurate calculation of fuel impacts on emissions and fuel consumption.

scholarly journals Contribution of traffic-originated nanoparticle emissions to regional and local aerosol levels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miska Olin ◽  
David Patoulias ◽  
Heino Kuuluvainen ◽  
Jarkko V. Niemi ◽  
Topi Rönkkö ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Total Particle Number ◽  
Total Particle

Abstract. Sub-50 nm particles originating from traffic emissions pose risks to human health due to their high lung deposition efficiency and potentially harmful chemical composition. We present a modelling study using an updated EUCAARI number emission inventory, incorporating a more realistic, empirically justified particle size distribution (PSD) for sub-50 nm particles from road traffic. We present experimental PSDs and CO2 concentrations, measured in a highly trafficked street canyon in Helsinki, Finland, as an emission factor particle size distribution (EFPSD), which was then used in updating the EUCAARI inventory. We applied the updated inventory in a simulation using the regional chemical transport model PMCAMx-UF over Europe for May 2008 to test the effect of updated emissions in regional and local scales and in contrast to atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). Updating the inventory increased simulated average total particle number concentrations by only 1 %, although the total particle number emissions were increased to a 3-fold level. The concentrations increased up to 11 % when only 1.3–3 nm-sized particles (nanocluster aerosol, NCA) were considered. These values indicate that the effect of updating overall is insignificant in a regional scale during this photochemically active period, during which the fraction of the total particle number originating through atmospheric NPF processes was 91 %. These simulations give a lower limit for the contribution of traffic to the aerosol levels. Nevertheless, the situation is different when examining the effect of the update spatially or temporally, or when focusing to the chemical composition or the origin of the particles. For example, daily average NCA concentrations increased by a factor of several hundreds or thousands in some locations on certain days. Overall, the most significant effects–reaching several orders of magnitude–from updating the inventory are observed when examining specific particle sizes (especially 7–20 nm), particle components, and specific urban areas. While the model still has a tendency to predict more sub-50 nm particles compared to the observations, the most notable underestimations in the concentrations of sub-10 nm particles are, after updating, overcome and the simulated distributions now agree better with the data observed at locations having high traffic densities. The findings of this study highlight the need to consider emissions, PSDs, and composition of sub-50 nm particles from road traffic in studies focusing on urban air quality. Updating this emission source brings the simulated aerosol levels particularly in urban locations closer to observations, which highlights its importance for calculations of human exposure to nanoparticles.

Particle number size distribution from direct-injection premixed combustion engine fueled with gasoline/diesel blends

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Qiao Wang ◽  
Wanchen Sun ◽  
Liang Guo ◽  
Luyan Fan ◽  
Peng Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Premixed Combustion ◽  
Total Particle ◽  
Hydrocarbon Emission ◽  
Blended Fuel

The organizing of combustion process in the advanced internal combustion engine is developing toward unified combustion mode of gasoline-engine-like premixed gas formation and diesel-engine-like compression ignition. Gasoline/diesel blended fuel has received extensive attention for its suitability for this combustion characteristic, owing to its relatively poor ignitability and high volatility. In order to more comprehensively evaluate the application of the blended fuel on this combustion mode, an experiment was conducted to characterize the particle size distribution and total number concentration of exhaust particles from the gasoline/diesel blended fuel. The premixed combustion characteristics and relatively high hydrocarbon emission were confirmed first and their effects on the particle size distribution were determined subsequently. Combustion control parameters such as exhaust gas recirculation and injection pressure were also taken into account. Results indicated that gasoline/diesel blended fuel had significant effect on the particle size distribution due to the higher premixed combustion ratio and more unburned hydrocarbon emission. Under high load condition, as the proportion of gasoline blending increased, the accumulation mode particle decreased while the nucleation mode particle and total particle number increased significantly. The geometric mean diameter of exhaust particle decreased with the addition of gasoline. The effect of exhaust gas recirculation and injection pressure on the particle size distribution of gasoline/diesel blended fuel was less than that of pure diesel. That meant the gasoline/diesel blends were beneficial for carbonaceous particle (>22 nm) reduction. However, the nucleation mode as well as total particle number were still higher for gasoline/diesel blends than that for pure diesel.

Effects of Particle Size Distribution on Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel in Soil

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Shota Ohki ◽  
Shingo Mineta ◽  
Mamoru Mizunuma ◽  
Soichi Oka ◽  
Masayuki Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document