Impact of repeated pressurization on virus removal by reverse osmosis membranes for household water treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 910-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Torii ◽  
Takashi Hashimoto ◽  
An Thuan Do ◽  
Hiroaki Furumai ◽  
Hiroyuki Katayama
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Dramatic Decrease ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Reverse Osmosis Membranes

Repeated pressurization caused integrity loss at the surface of reverse osmosis membranes resulting in a dramatic decrease in virus removal.

scholarly journals Chitosan Coagulation Pretreatment to Enhance Ceramic Water Filtration for Household Water Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (18) ◽  
pp. 9736
Author(s):  
Collin Knox Coleman ◽  
Eric Mai ◽  
Megan Miller ◽  
Shalini Sharma ◽  
Clark Williamson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Continuous Treatment ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Household Water

Viruses are major contributors to the annual 1.3 million deaths associated with the global burden of diarrheal disease morbidity and mortality. While household-level water treatment technologies reduce diarrheal illness, the majority of filtration technologies are ineffective in removing viruses due to their small size relative to filter pore size. In order to meet the WHO health-based tolerable risk target of 10−6 Disability Adjusted Life Years per person per year, a drinking water filter must achieve a 5 Log10 virus reduction. Ceramic pot water filters manufactured in developing countries typically achieve less than 1 Log10 virus reductions. In order to overcome the shortfall in virus removal efficiency in household water treatment filtration, we (1) evaluated the capacity of chitosan acetate and chitosan lactate, as a cationic coagulant pretreatment combined with ceramic water filtration to remove lab cultured and sewage derived viruses and bacteria in drinking waters, (2) optimized treatment conditions in waters of varying quality and (3) evaluated long-term continuous treatment over a 10-week experiment in surface waters. For each test condition, bacteria and virus concentrations were enumerated by culture methods for influent, controls, and treated effluent after chitosan pretreatment and ceramic water filtration. A > 5 Log10 reduction was achieved in treated effluent for E.coli, C. perfringens, sewage derived E. coli and total coliforms, MS2 coliphage, Qβ coliphage, ΦX174 coliphage, and sewage derived F+ and somatic coliphages.

scholarly journals Cost and financial sustainability of a household-based water treatment and storage intervention in Zambia

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyana Banerjee ◽  
Deborah A. McFarland ◽  
Ritu Singh ◽  
Robert Quick
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water System ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
And Behavior

Providing safe water to >1 billion people in need is a major challenge. To address this need, the Safe Water System (SWS) - household water treatment with dilute bleach, safe water storage, and behavior change - has been implemented in >20 countries. To assess the potential sustainability of the SWS, we analyzed costs in Zambia of “Clorin” brand product sold in bottles sufficient for a month of water treatment at a price of $0.09. We analyzed production, marketing, distribution, and overhead costs of Clorin before and after sales reached nationwide scale, and analyzed Clorin sales revenue. The average cost per bottle of Clorin production, marketing and distribution at start-up in 1999 was $1.88 but decreased by 82% to $0.33 in 2003, when >1.7 million bottles were sold. The financial loss per bottle decreased from $1.72 in 1999 to $0.24 in 2003. Net program costs in 2003 were $428,984, or only $0.04 per person-month of protection. A sensitivity analysis showed that if the bottle price increased to $0.18, the project would be self-sustaining at maximum capacity. This analysis demonstrated that efficiencies in the SWS supply chain can be achieved through social marketing. Even with a subsidy, overall program costs per beneficiary are low.

scholarly journals Household Water Treatment in China

2012 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Yang ◽  
Jim A. Wright ◽  
Stephen W. Gundry
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Household Water
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