scholarly journals Van't Hoff's law for active suspensions: the role of the solvent chemical potential

Soft Matter ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (47) ◽  
pp. 8957-8963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Rodenburg ◽  
Marjolein Dijkstra ◽  
René van Roij
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Active Suspensions

We extend Van’t Hoff's law for the osmotic pressure to active suspensions, and show that the osmotic pressure increases with activity as a result of an increase in the chemical potential of the solvent.

Noncommutative scalar field in de Sitter space–time and pair creation process

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 2150011
Author(s):  
Nabil Mehdaoui ◽  
Lamine Khodja ◽  
Salah Haouat
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Field ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
De Sitter Space ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Pair Creation ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Creation Process ◽  
Scalar Particles ◽  
Constant Electromagnetic Field

In this work, we address the process of pair creation of scalar particles in [Formula: see text] de Sitter space–time in presence of a constant electromagnetic field by applying the noncommutativity on the scalar field up to first-order in [Formula: see text]. We calculate the density of particles created in the vacuum by the mean of the Bogoliubov transformations. In contrast to a previous result, we show that noncommutativity contributes to the pair creation process. We find that the noncommutativity plays the same role of chemical potential and gives an important interest for studies at high energies.

Effect of urea concentration of pelvic fluid on renal concentrating ability

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (6) ◽  
pp. F609-F618 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Bonventre ◽  
R. J. Roman ◽  
C. Lechene
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Renal Pelvis ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Urea Concentration ◽  
Urinary Concentration ◽  
Left Ureter ◽  
Concentration Process ◽  
Pelvic Urine

The role of the pelvic urine in the renal concentration process was examined in anesthetized antidiuretic rats. The left ureter was cannulated with perfusion and collection catheters so that the composition of the fluid bathing the papilla could be altered by superperfusing solution of known composition without opening the renal pelvis, exposing the papilla, or altering intrapelvic pressure. The effect on urinary osmotic pressure (Uosmol) of papillary superperfusion with solutions of varying urea concentrations and total osmolality was examined. Papillary superperfusion with solutions containing no urea or less urea than preperfusion pelvic urine caused marked reductions in Uosmol regardless of the osmotic pressure of the solution. Superperfusion solutions with urea concentrations similar to that of preperfusion pelvic urine but lower in osmotic pressure than preperfusion urine produced no change in Uosmol. Superperfusion solutions with urea concentrations higher than that of preperfusion urine and with osmotic pressure equal to that of the preperfusion urine increased Uosmol. Finally, superperfusion of the papilla with urea solutions of greater than 2,370 mosmol/kg H2O and hypertonic to preperfusion urine decreased Uosmol. We conclude that the urea concentration of the pelvic urine plays an essential role in the urinary concentration mechanism.

Theoretical study of first row transitional metals effects on stabilization of verdoheme analogues

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1100-1109
Author(s):  
Afsaneh Taghizadeh ◽  
Maryam Daghighi Asli ◽  
Parisa Rajabali Jamaat
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Dft Method ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Orbital Energy ◽  
Central Metal ◽  
Transitional Metals ◽  
Solvent Phase ◽  
Energy Formula ◽  
Homo And Lumo

Heme catabolism is an important physiological process that converts heme to biliverdin in the presence of heme oxygenase which has an essential role in destroying unwanted heme. Verdohemes, the green iron (II) complexes of the 5-oxaporphyrin macrocycle are produced by oxidative destruction of heme. The main goal of this study is clarification of the central metal effect on stabilization of metal 5-oxaporphyrin molecules. To investigate the role of central metal on geometric and electronic properties of five coordinated verdoheme analogues, the first row transitional metals, including Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn, as the central metal of five-coordinated metal 5-oxaporphyrins were systematically calculated without any symmetry constraint by using the B3LYP as DFT method and the 6-31G basis set in gas and solvent phases. According to the results, the stabilization energy of metal 5-oxaporphyrins increases with atomic mass in the solvent phase more than in the gas phase. By reviewing the properties such as the computed frontier orbital energy, HOMO and LUMO gap energy [Formula: see text], hardness [Formula: see text], chemical potential [Formula: see text], softness (s) and electrophilicity [Formula: see text], the pharmaceutical use of this compound can be discussed.

Activation Volumes of Magnetic Aftereffects: Role of the Magnon Chemical Potential in Nanomagnets

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (10) ◽  
pp. 3614-3616 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.H. Bennett ◽  
E. Della Torre ◽  
S. Rao ◽  
R.E. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Potential

Role of extravascular protein in capillary-tissue fluid exchange

1978 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. H52-H58
Author(s):  
E. P. Salathe ◽  
R. Venkataraman
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Analytic Solutions ◽  
Tissue Fluid ◽  
Fluid Exchange ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
And Diffusion

A mathematical model of capillary-tissue fluid exchange is presented. The effect of variation in plasma and interstitial osmotic pressure that occurs as a result of convection and diffusion of protein is examined. Analytic solutions to the resulting equations are obtained by using the methods of perturbation theory. It is found that fluid exchange can significantly alter the pericapillary interstitial osmotic pressure, reducing both filtration and reabsorption. Variation in plasma osmotic pressure is important only for certain pathological conditions in which excessive filtration occurs. Specific numerical examples are presented which show quantitatively the extent of these effects for various normal and pathological conditions of physiological interest.

A New Explanation for the Osmotic Activity and Ionic Composition of Gastric Juice

1957 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren S. Rehm ◽  
Warren H. Dennis ◽  
William A. Brodsky
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Gastric Juice ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Parietal Cells ◽  
Inorganic Ion ◽  
Potential Gradients ◽  
Osmotic Activity

In an attempt to extend a previously proposed theory of gastric HCl production, the possibility is considered that the surface epithelial cells secrete H+ ions and the parietal cells Cl– ions and water. It is postulated that water is transported as a result of its chemical potential gradient between the interstitial fluid and the canalicular lumen of the parietal cells. It is shown that this scheme can quantitatively explain, without further postulates, the high normalities of secretion found in the glycine experiments of Teorell. However, the scheme predicts for pure gastric juice a higher osmotic pressure than that found. Furthermore, the scheme does not offer an explanation for the presence of the other inorganic ions of gastric juice. In an attempt to account for the observed osmotic pressure and the inorganic ion content of gastric juice, the implications are developed of the assumption that the Na+ ions, K+ ions and some of the secreted Cl– ions are transported across the mucosa in the direction of their electrochemical potential gradients. It is shown that the resulting scheme can account for the composition and osmotic pressure of gastric juice at least as well as any of the schemes proposed by other workers. The implications of the present scheme with respect to the problem of the production of hypertonic and hypotonic secretions are discussed.

THE ROLE OF ANTIKAON CONDENSATES IN THE EQUATION OF STATE OF NEUTRON STARS

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (08n10) ◽  
pp. 1545-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
A. MESQUITA ◽  
M. RAZEIRA ◽  
C. A. Z. VASCONCELLOS
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Stars ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Field Approximation ◽  
Mean Field Approximation ◽  
Charge Neutrality ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nucleon Matter

We study the consequences of the presence of a negative electric charge condensate of antikaons in neutron stars using an effective model with derivative couplings. In our formalism, nucleons interact through the exchange of σ, ω and ϱ mesons, in the presence of electrons and muons, to accomplish electric charge neutrality and beta equilibrium. The phase transition to the antikaon condensate was implemented through the Gibbs conditions combined with the mean-field approximation, giving rise to a mixed phase of coexistence between nucleon matter and the antikaon condensate. Assuming neutrino-free matter, we observe a rapid decrease of the electron chemical potential produced by the gradual substitution of electrons by kaons to accomplish electric charge neutrality. The exotic composition of matter in neutron star including antikaon condensation and nucleons can yield a maximum mass of about M ns ~ 1.76 M ⊙.

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