scholarly journals Towards sustainable hydrogenation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural: a two-stage continuous process in aqueous media over RANEY® catalysts

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (50) ◽  
pp. 31401-31407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Lima ◽  
David Chadwick ◽  
Klaus Hellgardt
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Hydroxymethyl Furfural ◽  
Stage Process

Two-stage process for DHMTHF production from HMF through continuous-flow.

Methods of Radical Regeneration of Spent Solvent Containing TBP and Diluent

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Ya. Zilberman ◽  
Mikhail N. Makarychev-Mikhailov ◽  
Vladimir F. Saprykin ◽  
Stanislav V. Sakulin ◽  
Yury N. Dulepov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Tributyl Phosphate ◽  
Vacuum Distillation ◽  
Superheated Steam ◽  
Single Stage ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Stage Process

Abstract Methods of steam-supported distillation of spent solvent containing 30% tributyl phosphate (TBP) in various diluents have been developed. Single-stage and two-stage processes were tested. Single-stage distillation can be realized either with the use of superheated steam under vacuum or with saturated steam at atmospheric pressure, ensuring transportation of all the solvent to distillate, independently of the used diluent. Two-stage process allows separating TBP and diluent, both of them being purified, when the diluent boiling temperature is 50–70°C below TBP boiling point. At the first stage of the process, pure diluent is obtained through distillation at atmospheric pressure with the use of saturated steam. Then TBP is distilled off from wet bottoms of the first stage by continuous-flow vacuum distillation at the circulating bottoms.

scholarly journals Two-Stage Biodiesel Synthesis from Used Cooking Oil with a High Acid Value via an Ultrasound-Assisted Method

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3703
Author(s):  
Ming-Chien Hsiao ◽  
Wei-Ting Lin ◽  
Wei-Cheng Chiu ◽  
Shuhn-Shyurng Hou
Keyword(s):  
Acid Value ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
High Acid ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

In this study, ultrasound was used to accelerate two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil, which originally had a high acid value (4.35 mg KOH/g). In the first stage, acid-catalyzed esterification reaction conditions were developed with a 9:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, sulfuric acid dosage at 2 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 60 °C. Under ultrasound irradiation for 40 min, the acid value was effectively decreased from 4.35 to 1.67 mg KOH/g, which was decreased to a sufficient level (<2 mg KOH/g) to avoid the saponification problem for the subsequent transesterification reaction. In the following stage, base-catalyzed transesterification reactions were carried out with a 12:1 methanol/oil molar ratio, a sodium hydroxide dosage of 1 wt %, and a reaction temperature of 65 °C. Under ultrasound-assisted transesterification for 40 min, the conversion rate of biodiesel reached 97.05%, which met the requirement of EN 14214 standard, i.e., 96.5% minimum. In order to evaluate and explore the improvement of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) process in shortening the reaction time, additional two-stage biodiesel synthesis experiments using the traditional mechanical stirring method under the optimal conditions were further carried out in this study. It was found that, under the same optimal conditions, using the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process, the total reaction time was significantly reduced to only 80 min, which was much shorter than the total time required by the conventional method of 140 min. It is worth noting that compared with the traditional method without ultrasound, the intensification of the ultrasound-assisted two-stage process significantly shortened the total time from 140 min to 80 min, which is a reduction of 42.9%. It was concluded that the ultrasound-assisted two-stage (esterification–transesterification) catalytic process is an effective and time-saving method for synthesizing biodiesel from used cooking oil with a high acid value.

scholarly journals Food behavior change in late-life widowhood: A two-stage process

Appetite ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 399-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Vesnaver ◽  
Heather H. Keller ◽  
Olga Sutherland ◽  
Scott B. Maitland ◽  
J.L. Locher
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Food Behavior ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Stage Process

High-efficiency CuInSe2 solar cells prepared by the two-stage process

Solar Cells ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 299-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulent M. Basol ◽  
Vijay K. Kapur ◽  
Richard C. Kullberg
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Stage Process

TPPS supported on core–shell PMMA nanoparticles: the development of continuous-flow membrane-mediated electrocoagulation as a photocatalyst processing method in aqueous media

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1907-1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Dambruoso ◽  
Marco Ballestri ◽  
Claudia Ferroni ◽  
Andrea Guerrini ◽  
Giovanna Sotgiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Core Shell

Photons and electrons cooperate for effective, clean sulfoxidations in pure water.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document