Electrochemical current rectification with cross reaction at a TEMPO/viologen-substituted polymer thin-layer heterojunction

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (101) ◽  
pp. 99195-99201 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tokue ◽  
K. Kakitani ◽  
H. Nishide ◽  
K. Oyaizu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Cross Reaction ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Bilayer System ◽  
Large Current ◽  
Electrochemical Current ◽  
Current Rectification

The electrochemical large current rectification was achieved in the bilayer system composed of the TEMPO- and viologen-containing polymer thin layers.

scholarly journals Modelling and pH Control in Raceway and Thin-Layer Photobioreactors for Wastewater Treatment

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1099
Author(s):  
María José Rodríguez-Torres ◽  
Ainoa Morillas-España ◽  
José Luis Guzmán ◽  
Francisco Gabriel Acién
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Reduction Of Co2

One of the most critical variables in microalgae-related processes is the pH; it directly determines the overall performance of the production system especially when coupling with wastewater treatment. In microalgae-related wastewater treatment processes, the adequacy of pH has a large impact on the microalgae/bacteria consortium already developing on these systems. For cost-saving reasons, the pH is usually controlled by classical On/Off control algorithms during the daytime period, typically with the dynamics of the system and disturbances not being considered in the design of the control system. This paper presents the modelling and pH control in open photobioreactors, both raceway and thin-layer, using advanced controllers. In both types of photobioreactors, a classic control was implemented and compared with a Proportional–Integral (PI) control, also the operation during only the daylight period and complete daily time was evaluated. Thus, three major variables already studied include (i) the type of reactors (thin-layers and raceways), (ii) the type of control algorithm (On/Off and PI), and (iii) the control period (during the daytime and throughout the daytime and nighttime). Results show that the pH was adequately controlled in both photobioreactors, although each type requires different control algorithms, the pH control being largely improved when using PI controllers, with the controllers allowing us to reduce the total costs of the process with the reduction of CO2 injections. Moreover, the control during the complete daily cycle (including night) not only not increases the amount of CO2 to be injected, otherwise reducing it, but also improves the overall performance of the production process. Optimal pH control systems here developed are highly useful to develop robust large-scale microalgae-related wastewater treatment processes.

scholarly journals RIGIDITY OF RUBBER-METAL ELEMENTS WITH THIN LAYERS AT COMPRESSION

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Vladimirs Gonca ◽  
Jurijs Svabs ◽  
Romans Kobrinecs
Keyword(s):  
Variational Method ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Theory Of Elasticity ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Poisson Coefficient ◽  
Metal Elements ◽  
Compressible Materials

There is described a method of generation the rigid feature “Force – Settlement” for thin- layer rubber-metal compensating elements, which consist of several rubber and non-elastomeric layers, operating when being pressed, taking into account the low compressibility of rubber layers and deformation of support non-elastomeric layers. Variational method of theory of elasticity for compressible materials is used. It is recommended to use the acquired analytic dependencies when analysing the element and designing multi- layer compensating elements, as well as when determining the value of Poisson coefficient for rubber-like materials.

Lithology discrimination for thin layers using wavelet signal parameters

Geophysics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1512-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Lange ◽  
H. A. Almoghrabi
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Characteristic Frequency ◽  
Forward Modeling ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Modeling Technique ◽  
Fluid Type ◽  
Signal Parameters

A forward modeling technique using Ricker wavelets demonstrates the need for a multiparameter approach in lithology determination using reflections from thin layers. The combination of time‐ and frequency‐domain analyses leads to a set of algorithms which define pore fluid and lithology from wavelet characteristics. The dispersive behavior of the thin layer varies considerably with the environment surrounding the layer, resulting in characteristic frequency‐domain behavior. With a limited prior knowledge of the formation environment, the pore fluid type can be determined using mode‐converted waves in the frequency domain.

Tidal marsh restoration at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Maryland: A case study in thin-layer placement

Shore & Beach ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Albert McCullough ◽  
David Curson ◽  
Erik Meyers ◽  
Matthew Whitbeck
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Sea Level Rise ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Tidal Marsh ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
High Marsh ◽  
National Wildlife Refuge ◽  
Saltmarsh Sparrow ◽  
Wildlife Refuge

Tidal marsh loss at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) has been a major concern of refuge managers in recent decades. The approximately 2,035 hectares (5,028 acres) of tidal marsh that have converted to open water in Blackwater NWR since 1938 (Scott et al. 2009) represent one of the most significant areas of marsh conversion within the Chesapeake Bay. In 2013, a suite of climate adaptation strategies focused on sea level rise was developed for Blackwater NWR and surrounding areas of Dorchester County by the Blackwater Climate Adaptation Project (BCAP). The BCAP is a collaboration of The Conservation Fund, Audubon Maryland-DC, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, assisted by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources (MD DNR), U.S. Geological Survey, and others. In 2016, the BCAP implemented a thin-layer placement (TLP) project at Shorter’s Wharf in Blackwater NWR on 16 hectares (40 acres) of subsiding and fragmenting tidal marsh dominated by Schoenoplectus americanus, Spartina alterniflora, and Spartina patens. The purpose of the project was to increase the 16 hectares’ (40 acres’) resiliency to climate-driven sea level rise and storm impacts. The project built up the marsh elevation by applying thin layers of sediment dredged from the adjacent Blackwater River. The sediment enhancement was designed to extend the longevity of the marsh and increase its resiliency by raising its surface elevation in relation to the tidal regime and to return the habitat to its prior high-marsh condition with S. patens dominating. The colonization of this site by saltmarsh sparrow would be an indicator of success in reaching this goal. Dredging operations in November and December 2016 placed approximately 19,900 cubic meters (26,000 cubic yards) of sediment on the project site. Post-restoration elevations obtained one year after material placement indicated that, although the target elevations were achieved in 78% of the surveyed placement area, the material was not distributed uniformly. Coarser material tended to stack up at the discharge location while the grain size declined and the slopes flattened toward the periphery of the discharge area. In 2017, natural vegetation had regenerated through the placed sediment with vigorous regrowth of S. americanus and S. alterniflora . This regrowth was supplemented with hand-planting of more than 200,000 plugs of S. patens. Vegetation monitoring is ongoing to determine the plant composition evolution within the placement site. Pre-dredge and post-dredge bathymetric surveys reveal 70% accretion nearly two years after dredging within the borrow area footprint.

Mechanical freezing of alum sludge

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. James Martel
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Alum Sludge ◽  
Natural Freezing ◽  
The U.S

This paper presents a new mechanical freezing concept for freezing alum or other hydroxide sludges as a conditioning step for dewatering. The basic concept is to freeze a thin layer of sludge on a continuously moving fabric belt. Sludge is attached to the belt by a vacuum drum belt filter which also removes one-half of the water and thus reduces the amount of sludge to be frozen. Filter leaf tests were conducted to determine the operational parameters and approximate production rates of this concept. These tests show that freezing alum sludge in thin layers will separate out the water as ice crystals and transform the solids into the same type of granular material produced in natural freezing beds. The average production rate of frozen sludge was 6.5 kg/hr.m2 at −20°C. The belt area needed for a 10,000-m3/day plant was estimated to be 48 m2. This concept has been patented by the U.S. Patent Office.

scholarly journals Thin-layer solutions of the Helmholtz equation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
J. R. OCKENDON ◽  
R. H. TEW
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Helmholtz Equation ◽  
Open Problem ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Mathematical Structure ◽  
Mathematical Physics ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Frequency Wave ◽  
High Frequency Wave

This paper gives a brief overview of some configurations in which high-frequency wave propagation modelled by Helmholtz equation gives rise to solutions that vary rapidly across thin layers. The configurations are grouped according to their mathematical structure and tractability and one of them concerns a famous open problem of mathematical physics.

Design of UV-crosslinked polymeric thin layers for encapsulation of piezoelectric ZnO nanowires for pressure-based fingerprint sensors

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bouvet-Marchand ◽  
A. Graillot ◽  
J. Volk ◽  
R. Dauksevicius ◽  
C. Sturm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Zno Nanowires ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Fingerprint Sensor

Elaboration of UV-crosslinked polymeric thin layer for pressure-based fingerprint sensor.

Modeling Energy Deposition in Very Thin Layered Media by Monte Carlo Simulation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reginald Eze ◽  
Anisur Rahman ◽  
Sunil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Path Length ◽  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Radiation Transport ◽  
Monte Carlo Model ◽  
Layered Media ◽  
Thin Layers

A Monte Carlo model with special features for modeling of radiation transport through very thin layers has been presented. Over the decades traditional Monte Carlo model has been used to model highly scattering thin layers in skin and may inaccurately capture the effect of thin layers since their interfaces are not perfectly planar and thicknesses non-uniform. If the Monte Carlo model is implemented without special features then the results of the simulation would show no effect of the outer thin layer since the path length of most photons would be significantly larger than the layer thickness and the resulting predicted photon travel would simply not notice the presence of the layer. Examples of multi-layered media are considered where the effect of a very thin absorbing layers is systematically examined using both the traditional Monte Carlo and that with new features incorporated. The results have profound implications in the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of laser in biomedicine and surgery.

Case study: Phase-component amplitude variation with angle

Geophysics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. B285-B297
Author(s):  
Elita Selmara De Abreu ◽  
John Patrick Castagna ◽  
Gabriel Gil
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Study Phase ◽  
Phase Decomposition ◽  
Seismic Modeling ◽  
Phase Component ◽  
Amplitude Variation ◽  
High Impedance ◽  
Amplitude Variation With Angle

In detectable and isolated thin layers below seismic resolution, phase decomposition can theoretically be used to discriminate relatively high-impedance thin-layer responses from low-impedance reservoir responses. Phase decomposition can be used to isolate seismic amplitudes with a particular phase response or to decompose the seismic trace into symmetrical and antisymmetrical phase components. These components sum to form the original trace. Assuming zero-phase seismic data and normal American polarity, seismically thin layers that are high impedance relative to overlying and underlying half-spaces are seen on the [Formula: see text] phase component, whereas a relatively low-impedance thin layer will appear on the [Formula: see text] phase component. When such phase decomposition is applied to prestack attributes on a 2D line across a thin, 8 m thick, gas-saturated reservoir in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin of Alberta, Canada, amplitude-variation-with-angle is magnified on the [Formula: see text] phase component. The [Formula: see text] far-offset component allows the lateral extent of the reservoir to be better delineated. This amplification is also seen on the [Formula: see text] phase component of the gradient attribute. These results are corroborated by seismic modeling that indicates the same phase-component relationships for near- and far-angle stacks as are observed on the real data. Fluid substitution and seismic modeling indicate that, relative to full-phase data, the mixed-phase response observed in this study exhibits variations in fluid effects that are magnified and better observed at far angles on the [Formula: see text] phase component.

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