In situ identification of the molecular-scale interactions of phenol-formaldehyde resin and wood cell walls using infrared nanospectroscopy

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (80) ◽  
pp. 76318-76324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinzhou Wang ◽  
Yuhe Deng ◽  
Yanjun Li ◽  
Kevin Kjoller ◽  
Anirban Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Molecular Scale

Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), contact resonance AFM (CR-AFM) measurement, and nanoindentation were combined to identify the interactions between wood cell wall and phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) on the nanoscale.

scholarly journals Incorporation of In Situ Synthesized Nano-Copper Modified Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Chinese Fir: A Preliminary Study

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 876
Author(s):  
Fan Li ◽  
Cuiyin Ye ◽  
Yanhui Huang ◽  
Xianmiao Liu ◽  
Benhua Fei
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
The Impact

Phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin, modified using nano-copper with varying contents (0 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%), was manufactured to improve the mechanical properties of Chinese fir. The morphology, chemical, micromechanical and micromechanical properties of the samples were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nanoindentation (NI) and traditional mechanical testing. The TEM and AFM results indicated that the in situ synthesized nano-copper particles were well-dispersed, and spherical, with a diameter of about 70 nm in PF resin. From the FTIR chemical changes detected by FTIR inferred that the nano-copper modified PF resin penetrated into the Chinese fir cell walls and interacted with the acetyl groups of hemicellulose by forming a crosslinked structure. Accordingly, the micro-mechanical properties of the Chinese fir cell walls were enhanced after treatment with nano-copper modified PF resin. The filling of the PF-1-Cu resin (1 wt% nano-copper) in the wood resulted in 13.7% and 22.2% increases in the elastic modulus (MOE) and hardness, respectively, of the cell walls. Besides, the impact toughness and compressive strength of the Chinese fir impregnated with PF-1-Cu resin were 21.8% and 8.2% higher than that of the PF-0-Cu resin. Therefore, in situ synthesized nano-copper-modified PF resin is a powerful treatment method for Chinese fir due to improved diffusive properties and reinforcement of the mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Micro-Nano Carbon Structures with Platelet, Glassy and Tube-Like Morphologies

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu ◽  
Huang ◽  
Xiong ◽  
Wang ◽  
Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Carbon Nanostructures ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Graphite Nanoplatelets ◽  
Carbon Structures

Carbon source precursors for high-grade, clean, and low-carbon refractories were obtained by in situ exfoliation of flake graphite (FG) and phenol–formaldehyde resin (PF) composites with three-roll milling (TRM) for the fabrication of graphite nanoplatelets. In addition, by using Ni(NO3)2·6H2O as a catalyst in the pyrolysis process, multidimensional carbon nanostructures were obtained with coexisting graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs), glassy carbon (GC), and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The resulting GNPs (exfoliated 16 times) had sizes of 10–30 μm, thicknesses of 30–50 nm, and could be uniformly dispersed in GC from the PF pyrolysis. Moreover, Ni(NO3)2·6H2O played a key role in the formation and growth of CNTs from a catalytic pyrolysis of partial PF with the V–S/tip growth mechanisms. The resulting multidimensional carbon nanostructures with GNPs/GC/CNTs are attributed to the shear force of the TRM process, pyrolysis, and catalytic action of nitrates. This method reduced the production costs of carbon source precursors for low-carbon refractories, and the precursors exhibited excellent performances when fabricated on large scales.

A phenol-formaldehyde resin loaded with in situ synthesised silver nanoparticles

2017 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 486-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Pulit-Prociak ◽  
Małgorzata Kabat ◽  
Jarosław Chwastowski ◽  
Anita Staroń ◽  
Paweł Staroń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin

scholarly journals Effect of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Penetration on the Quasi-Static and Dynamic Mechanics of Wood Cell Walls Using Nanoindentation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinzhou Wang ◽  
Xuanzong Chen ◽  
Xuqin Xie ◽  
Zhurun Yuan ◽  
Shaoxiang Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Crystallinity Degree ◽  
Modified Wood

To evaluate the effects of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin modification on wood cell walls, Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) wood was impregnated with PF resin at the concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. The penetration degree of PF resin into wood tracheids was quantitatively determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The micromechanical properties of the control and PF-modified wood cell walls were then analyzed by the method of quasi-static nanoindentation and dynamic modulus mapping techniques. Results indicated that PF resin with low molecular weight can penetrate deeply into the wood tissues and even into the cell walls. However, the penetration degree decreased accompanying with the increase of penetration depth in wood. Both the quasi-static and dynamic mechanics of wood cell walls increased significantly after modification by the PF resin at the concentration less than 20%. The cell-wall mechanics maintained stable and even decreased as the resin concentration was increased above 20%, resulting from the increasing bulking effects such as the decreased crystallinity degree of cellulose. Furthermore, the mechanics of cell walls in the inner layer was lower than that in the outer layer of PF-modified wood.

Using UV-Microscopy to Study Diffusion of Melamine-Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Cell Walls of Spruce Wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Gindl ◽  
Eugenia Dessipri ◽  
Rupert Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Quantitative Estimate ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Melamine Resin ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Absorbance Spectra

Summary Using UV-microscopy, absorbance spectra of a cured melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin and secondary cell walls of spruce wood glued with this resin were determined. Analysis of the spectra showed that peaks characteristic for both coniferous lignin and melamine resin were present in cell walls of tracheids embedded in the resin. A quantitative estimate indicated a melamine content of the resin embedded cell walls of 6.2%. It could be demonstrated that UV-microscopy is well suited for the investigation of resin diffusion into the wood cell wall.

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