Chemical tools for interrogating inositol pyrophosphate structure and function

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (22) ◽  
pp. 6311-6326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel W. Brown ◽  
Alan M. Marmelstein ◽  
Dorothea Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Intracellular Metabolites ◽  
Inositol Pyrophosphate ◽  
Inositol Pyrophosphates ◽  
Chemical Tools ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Analytical Tools

New chemical and analytical tools have been developed to study the diverse functions of the inositol pyrophosphates, a unique group of densely phosphorylated intracellular metabolites found in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms.

ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Tools for Interrogating Inositol Pyrophosphate Structure and Function

ChemInform ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (51) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel W. Jr. Brown ◽  
Alan M. Marmelstein ◽  
Dorothea Fiedler
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Inositol Pyrophosphate ◽  
Chemical Tools ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals The Schizosaccharomyces pombe cho1+ Gene Encodes a Phospholipid Methyltransferase

Genetics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-562
Author(s):  
Margaret I Kanipes ◽  
John E Hill ◽  
Susan A Henry
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Schizosaccharomyces Pombe ◽  
Gene Disruption ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Biosynthetic Enzyme ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
And Function

Abstract The isolation of mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe defective in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine via the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine is reported. These mutants are choline auxotrophs and fall into two unlinked complementation groups, cho1 and cho2. We also report the analysis of the cho1+ gene, the first structural gene encoding a phospholipid biosynthetic enzyme from S. pombe to be cloned and characterized. The cho1+ gene disruption mutant (cho1Δ) is viable if choline is supplied and resembles the cho1 mutants isolated after mutagenesis. Sequence analysis of the cho1+ gene indicates that it encodes a protein closely related to phospholipid methyltransferases from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and rat. Phospholipid methyltransferases encoded by a rat liver cDNA and the S. cerevisiae OPI3 gene are both able to complement the choline auxotrophy of the S. pombe cho1 mutants. These results suggest that both the structure and function of the phospholipid N-methyltransferases are broadly conserved among eukaryotic organisms.

scholarly journals The structure and function of centriolar rootlets

2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Mahen
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Function ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Macromolecular Assemblies ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Knockout Animals

ABSTRACT To gain a holistic understanding of cellular function, we must understand not just the role of individual organelles, but also how multiple macromolecular assemblies function collectively. Centrioles produce fundamental cellular processes through their ability to organise cytoskeletal fibres. In addition to nucleating microtubules, centrioles form lesser-known polymers, termed rootlets. Rootlets were identified over a 100 years ago and have been documented morphologically since by electron microscopy in different eukaryotic organisms. Rootlet-knockout animals have been created in various systems, providing insight into their physiological functions. However, the precise structure and function of rootlets is still enigmatic. Here, I consider common themes of rootlet function and assembly across diverse cellular systems. I suggest that the capability of rootlets to form physical links from centrioles to other cellular structures is a general principle unifying their functions in diverse cells and serves as an example of how cellular function arises from collective organellar activity.

scholarly journals Inositol Pyrophosphate Pathways and Mechanisms: What Can We Learn from Plants?

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Cridland ◽  
Glenda Gillaspy
Keyword(s):  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Specific Protein ◽  
Protein Domain ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Inositol Pyrophosphate ◽  
Protein Partners ◽  
Inositol Pyrophosphates ◽  
Energy Sensing ◽  
And Function ◽  
Complex Signaling

The ability of an organism to maintain homeostasis in changing conditions is crucial for growth and survival. Eukaryotes have developed complex signaling pathways to adapt to a readily changing environment, including the inositol phosphate (InsP) signaling pathway. In plants and humans the pyrophosphorylated inositol molecules, inositol pyrophosphates (PP-InsPs), have been implicated in phosphate and energy sensing. PP-InsPs are synthesized from the phosphorylation of InsP6, the most abundant InsP. The plant PP-InsP synthesis pathway is similar but distinct from that of the human, which may reflect differences in how molecules such as Ins(1,4,5)P3 and InsP6 function in plants vs. animals. In addition, PP-InsPs can potentially interact with several major signaling proteins in plants, suggesting PP-InsPs play unique signaling roles via binding to protein partners. In this review, we will compare the biosynthesis and role of PP-InsPs in animals and plants, focusing on three central themes: InsP6 synthesis pathways, synthesis and regulation of the PP-InsPs, and function of a specific protein domain called the Syg1, Pho1, Xpr1 (SPX ) domain in binding PP-InsPs and regulating inorganic phosphate (Pi) sensing. This review will provide novel insights into the biosynthetic pathway and bioactivity of these key signaling molecules in plant and human systems.

A unified matrix hypothesis of DNA-directed morphogenesis, protodynamism and growth control1

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Scherrer
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Theoretical Concept ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Basic Proposition ◽  
C Value ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
And Function ◽  
Chromosome Organisation ◽  
Morphological Patterns

A theoretical concept is proposed, in order to explain some enigmatic aspects of cellular and molecular biology of eukaryotic organisms. Among these are the C-value paradox of DNA redundancy, the correlation of DNA content and cell size, the disruption of genes at DNA level, the “Chromosome field” data of Lima de Faria (Hereditas93:1, 1980), the “quantal mitosis” proposition of Holtzer et al. (Curr. Top. Dev. Biol.7:229 1972), the inheritance of morphological patterns, the relations of DNA and chromosome organisation to cellular structure and function, the molecular basis of speciation, etc. The basic proposition of the “Unified Matrix Hypothesis” is that the nuclear DNA has a direct morphogenic function, in addition to its coding function in protein synthesis. This additional genetic information is thought to be largely contained in the non-protein coding transcribed DNA, and in the untranscribed part of the genome.

Protein kinase structure and function analysis with chemical tools

2005 ◽  
Vol 1754 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 65-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kui Shen ◽  
Aliya C. Hines ◽  
Dirk Schwarzer ◽  
Kerry A. Pickin ◽  
Philip A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Chemical Tools ◽  
And Function ◽  
Kinase Structure

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

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