IDO as a drug target for cancer immunotherapy: recent developments in IDO inhibitors discovery

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 7575-7581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Qian ◽  
Man Zhang ◽  
Quanlong Chen ◽  
Yanying He ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Modes Of Action ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ido Inhibitors

This review highlights the recent advances in research related to the role of IDO in immune escape in cancer and novel small-molecule IDO inhibitors with an emphasis on their chemical structures and modes of action.

scholarly journals Correction: IDO as a drug target for cancer immunotherapy: recent developments in IDO inhibitors discovery

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (66) ◽  
pp. 61267-61267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Qian ◽  
Man Zhang ◽  
Quanlong Chen ◽  
Yanying He ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ido Inhibitors

Correction for ‘IDO as a drug target for cancer immunotherapy: recent developments in IDO inhibitors discovery’ by Shan Qian et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 7575–7581.

scholarly journals Recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Prendecki ◽  
Charles D. Pusey
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Systemic Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Complement System ◽  
Made In

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV) are rare systemic autoimmune diseases characterised by inflammation of small blood vessels. Recent developments have been made in our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, including the pathogenic role of ANCA, neutrophils and monocytes as mediators of injury, dysregulation of the complement system, and the role of T and B cells. Current treatment strategies for AAV are based on broad immunosuppression, which may have significant side effects. Advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of disease have led to the identification of new therapeutic targets which may lead to treatment protocols with less-toxic side effects. The aim of this review is to summarise current information and recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of AAV.

scholarly journals Advances in Engineered Polymer Nanoparticle Tracking Platforms towards Cancer Immunotherapy—Current Status and Future Perspectives

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Ramar Thangam ◽  
Kapil D. Patel ◽  
Heemin Kang ◽  
Ramasamy Paulmurugan
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Polymeric Nanocarriers ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Small Molecule Ligands ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies

Engineering polymeric nanoparticles for their shape, size, surface chemistry, and functionalization using various targeting molecules has shown improved biomedical applications for nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have created tremendous therapeutic platforms, particularly applications related to chemo- and immunotherapies in cancer. Recently advancements in immunotherapies have broadened this field in immunology and biomedical engineering, where “immunoengineering” creates solutions to target translational science. In this regard, the nanoengineering field has offered the various techniques necessary to manufacture and assemble multifunctional polymeric nanomaterial systems. These include nanoparticles functionalized using antibodies, small molecule ligands, targeted peptides, proteins, and other novel agents that trigger and encourage biological systems to accept the engineered materials as immune enhancers or as vaccines to elevate therapeutic functions. Strategies to engineer polymeric nanoparticles with therapeutic and targeting molecules can provide solutions for developing immune vaccines via maintaining the receptor storage in T- and B cells. Furthermore, cancer immunotherapy using polymeric nanomaterials can serve as a gold standard approach for treating primary and metastasized tumors. The current status of the limited availability of immuno-therapeutic drugs highlights the importance of polymeric nanomaterial platforms to improve the outcomes via delivering anticancer agents at localized sites, thereby enhancing the host immune response in cancer therapy. This review mainly focuses on the potential scientific enhancements and recent developments in cancer immunotherapies by explicitly discussing the role of polymeric nanocarriers as nano-vaccines. We also briefly discuss the role of multifunctional nanomaterials for their therapeutic impacts on translational clinical applications.

scholarly journals INDOLEAMINE 2,3 DIOXYGENASE AS AN IMMUNOTHERAPEUTIC TARGET BRINGS A NEW HOPE FOR CANCER PATIENTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kashif Asghar ◽  
Asif Loya
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Colorectal ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Tumour Microenvironment ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ido Inhibitors

Therapeutic manipulation of immune system in cancer has been an extensive area of research in the field of oncoimmunology. Immunotherapy helps the immune system to combat against cancer. Tumour cells take an edge of immunosuppressive mechanisms and inhibit antitumour immune responses. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme which is involved in tumour immune escape mechanism in various cancers. IDO can degrade the tryptophan into kynurenines and has an ability to enhance the immune tolerance through mammalian target of rapamycin pathway general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathway and induction of regulatory T (T-regs) cells. IDO-induced T-regs suppress the local immune responses in the tumour microenvironment and promote metastasis. IDO overexpression in various cancers is associated with poor prognosis. Several preclinical and clinical trials have been proceeding and recommend that IDO inhibitor may be an influential tool against a wide range of cancers. IDO inhibitors as adjuvant therapeutic agents may also have clinical implications. Thus, IDO has the potential to be used as an immunotherapeutic target. This review discusses the promising role of IDO in cancer and its implication in immunotherapy.Key words: Breast cancer, colorectal cancer, haematological malignancies, immunotherapy, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer

scholarly journals Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity Is Increased in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Patients

Hemato ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Kimihiro Yamaguchi ◽  
Soranobu Ninomiya ◽  
Takuro Matsumoto ◽  
Nobuhiko Nakamura ◽  
Hiroshi Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myelodysplastic Syndrome ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Hydroxyanthranilic Acid ◽  
Ido Inhibitors

Tryptophan (TRP) metabolism via the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) subset of the kynurenine (KYN) pathway is one of the most important mechanisms of immune escape in cancer. TRP is converted into several biologically active KYN metabolites. However, the role of KYN metabolic products and related enzymes has not been clarified in patients with hematological malignant tumors. Here, we examined the serum concentrations of TRP, KYN, and the KYN metabolites kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in 157 patients stratified into five different hematological malignant tumors. KYN was the most abundant product of the TRP metabolic pathway among all five diagnostic categories. Serum KYN was increased in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients. The KYN/TRP ratio was significantly higher in MDS patients than in acute myeloid leukemia patients. In conclusion, IDO activity is increased in MDS patients, and IDO inhibitors might represent a new therapeutic approach for MDS treatment.

scholarly journals A Mini-Review on Recent Developments in Anti-Icing Methods

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4149
Author(s):  
Adelya Kenzhebayeva ◽  
Baglan Bakbolat ◽  
Fail Sultanov ◽  
Chingis Daulbayev ◽  
Zulkhair Mansurov
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Treatment ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Hydrophobic Coating ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Recent Developments

An aggressive impact of the formed ice on the surface of man-made objects can ultimately lead to serious consequences in their work. When icing occurs, the quality and characteristics of equipment, instruments, and building structures deteriorate, which affects the durability of their use. Delays in the adoption of measures against icing endanger the safety of air travel and road traffic. Various methods have been developed to combat de-icing, such as mechanical de-icing, the use of salts, the application of a hydrophobic coating to the surfaces, ultrasonic treatment and electric heating. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the field of anti-icing and analyze the role of various additives and their operating mechanisms.

scholarly journals Differential Role of PD-1 Expressed by Various Immune and Tumor Cells in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment: Expression, Function, Therapeutic Efficacy, and Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myeong Joon Kim ◽  
Sang-Jun Ha
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Tumor Immune Microenvironment

In the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), tumor cells interact with various cells and operate various strategies to avoid antitumor immune responses. These immune escape strategies often make the TIME resistant to cancer immunotherapy. Neutralizing immune escape strategies is necessary to overcome resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs) expressed in effector immune cells inhibit their effector function via direct interaction with immune checkpoint ligands (ICLs) expressed in tumor cells. Therefore, blocking ICRs or ICLs has been developed as a promising cancer immunotherapy by reinvigorating the function of effector immune cells. Among the ICRs, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) has mainly been antagonized to enhance the survival of human patients with cancer by restoring the function of tumor-infiltrating (TI) CD8+ T cells. It has been demonstrated that PD-1 is expressed not only in TI CD8+ T cells, but also in other TI immune cells and even tumor cells. While PD-1 suppresses the function of TI CD8+ T cells, it is controversial whether PD-1 suppresses or amplifies the suppressive function of TI-suppressive immune cells (e.g., regulatory T cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and myeloid cells). There is also controversy regarding the role of tumor-expressing PD-1. Therefore, a precise understanding of the expression pattern and function of PD-1 in each cell subset is important for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the differential role of PD-1 expressed by various TI immune cells and tumor cells. We focused on how cell-type-specific ablation or blockade of PD-1 affects tumor growth in a murine tumor model. Furthermore, we will also describe how the blockade of PD-1 acts on TI immune cells in human patients with cancer.

Recent advances in small molecule based cancer immunotherapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 582-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binbin Cheng ◽  
Wei-En Yuan ◽  
Jing Su ◽  
Yao Liu ◽  
Jianjun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Recent Advances

scholarly journals CD73-Generated Adenosine: Orchestrating the Tumor-Stroma Interplay to Promote Cancer Growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Allard ◽  
Martin Turcotte ◽  
John Stagg
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Tumor Stroma ◽  
Extracellular Adenosine ◽  
Important Barrier ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Therapeutic Opportunity

Despite the coming of age of cancer immunotherapy, clinical benefits are still modest. An important barrier to successful cancer immunotherapy is that tumors employ a number of mechanisms to facilitate immune escape, including the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, the recruitment of regulatory immune subsets, and the production of immunosuppressive metabolites. Significant therapeutic opportunity exists in targeting these immunosuppressive pathways. One such immunosuppressive pathway is the production of extracellular adenosine by CD73, an ectonucleotidase overexpressed in various types of cancer. We hereafter review the biology of CD73 and its role in cancer progression and metastasis. We describe the role of extracellular adenosine in promoting tumor growth through paracrine and autocrine action on tumor cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells.

How do histone modifications contribute to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in C. elegans?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Woodhouse ◽  
Alyson Ashe
Keyword(s):  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Histone Methyltransferases ◽  
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Gene Regulatory

Gene regulatory information can be inherited between generations in a phenomenon termed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI). While examples of TEI in many animals accumulate, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has proven particularly useful in investigating the underlying molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon. In C. elegans and other animals, the modification of histone proteins has emerged as a potential carrier and effector of transgenerational epigenetic information. In this review, we explore the contribution of histone modifications to TEI in C. elegans. We describe the role of repressive histone marks, histone methyltransferases, and associated chromatin factors in heritable gene silencing, and discuss recent developments and unanswered questions in how these factors integrate with other known TEI mechanisms. We also review the transgenerational effects of the manipulation of histone modifications on germline health and longevity.

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