Probing fatty acid metabolism in bacteria, cyanobacteria, green microalgae and diatoms with natural and unnatural fatty acids

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1299-1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Beld ◽  
Raffaela Abbriano ◽  
Kara Finzel ◽  
Mark Hildebrand ◽  
Michael D. Burkart
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Green Microalgae ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthases

In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, fatty acid synthases are responsible for the biosynthesis of fatty acids in an iterative process, extending the fatty acid by two carbon units every cycle.

Role of the AMP-activated protein kinase in regulating fatty acid metabolism during exerciseThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Steinberg
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase

During moderate-intensity exercise, fatty acids are the predominant substrate for working skeletal muscle. The release of fatty acids from adipose tissue stores, combined with the ability of skeletal muscle to actively fine tune the gradient between fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism, depending on substrate availability and energetic demands, requires a coordinated system of metabolic control. Over the past decade, since the discovery that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was increased in accordance with exercise intensity, there has been significant interest in the proposed role of this ancient stress-sensing kinase as a critical integrative switch controlling metabolic responses during exercise. In this review, studies examining the role of AMPK as a regulator of fatty acid metabolism in both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle during exercise will be discussed. Exercise induces activation of AMPK in adipocytes and regulates triglyceride hydrolysis and esterfication through phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyl-transferase, respectively. In skeletal muscle, exercise-induced activation of AMPK is associated with increases in fatty acid uptake, phosphorylation of HSL, and increased fatty acid oxidation, which is thought to occur via the acetyl-CoA carboxylase-malony-CoA-CPT-1 signalling axis. Despite the importance of AMPK in regulating fatty acid metabolism under resting conditions, recent evidence from transgenic models of AMPK deficiency suggest that alternative signalling pathways may also be important for the control of fatty acid metabolism during exercise.

scholarly journals Metabolism of fatty acids, secondary complications and effects of physical exercise: integrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Djeyne Silveira Wagmacker ◽  
Alice Miranda De Oliveira ◽  
Edna Conceição De Oliveira ◽  
Alan Carlos Nery Dos Santos ◽  
Luiz Erlon Araújo Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Secondary Complications ◽  
Positive Effects

Introduction: Diet is a complex set of exposures that frequently interact, and whose cumulative effects influence the results of health. This includes effects on systemic inflammation markers in metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies have been presented relating the effect of physical exercise on lipids, however, the results are still controversial. Objective: To describe fatty acid metabolism and the effect of physical exercise on secondary complications. Methods: An integrative review was conducted on topics in the Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus databases, published up to the year 2017. Results: Fatty acids, depending on their biochemical characteristics and spatial configuration, have differentiated effect on cardiovascular health, however, studies still present contradictory results about the therapeutic use of certain fatty acids. Physical exercise appears to benefit fatty acid metabolism and attenuate the complications secondary to the intake of certain fatty acids, and potentializes the positive effects of distinct fatty acids. Conclusion: However, variants of physical exercise, such as intensity, duration, time of observation of effects of the results, limit the authors to concluding, with a certain degree of certainty, about the effect of physical exercise on fatty acids and secondary complications, since the studies in the literature continue to be contradictory.Keywords: fatty acids, exercise, inflammation, oxidative stress.

Intramuscular fatty acid metabolism evaluated with stable isotopic tracers

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1674-1679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengkui Guo ◽  
Michael D. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Isotopic Tracers ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
Fractional Synthesis ◽  
Intramuscular Triglyceride

We evaluated the applicability of stable isotopic tracers to the study of intramuscular fatty acid metabolism by infusing both [U-13C]palmitate and [1-13C]oleate intravenously for 4 h into fasted conscious rats. Skeletal muscles were sequentially biopsied, and the concentration and13C enrichment of fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Throughout the study, the13C enrichment of plasma palmitate and oleate remained substantially greater than intramuscular nonesterified palmitate and oleate enrichment, which in turn was greater than intramuscular triglyceride palmitate and oleate enrichment. Fractional synthesis rates of intramuscular triglycerides in gastrocnemius and soleus were 0.267 ± 0.075 and 0.100 ± 0.030/h ( P = 0.04), respectively, as determined by using [U-13C]palmitate, and were 0.278 ± 0.049 and 0.075 ± 0.013/h ( P = 0.02), respectively, by using [1-13C]oleate. We conclude that plasma free fatty acids are a source for intramuscular triglycerides and nonesterified fatty acids; the latter are likely the synthetic precursors of the former. Uniformly and singly labeled [13C]fatty acid tracers will provide an important tool to study intramuscular fatty acid and triglyceride metabolism.

scholarly journals Sex hormones and n-3 fatty acid metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline E. Childs
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Docosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Model Research ◽  
Oily Fish

α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an n-3 fatty acid found in plant-derived foods such as linseeds and linseed oil. Mammals can convert this essential fatty acid into longer-chain fatty acids including EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA. Women demonstrate greater increases in the EPA status after ALA supplementation than men, and a growing body of animal model research identifies mechanisms by which sex hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone interact with the synthesis of EPA and DHA. Alternatively, EPA, DPA and DHA can be consumed directly, with oily fish being a rich dietary source of these nutrients. However, current National Diet and Nutrition Data reveals a median oily fish intake of 0 g daily across all age ranges and in both sexes. As longer-chain n-3 fatty acids have a crucial role in fetal and neonatal brain development, advice to consume dietary ALA could prove to be a pragmatic and acceptable alternative to advice to consume fish during pregnancy, if benefits upon tissue composition and functional outcomes can be demonstrated. Further research is required to understand the effects of increasing dietary ALA during pregnancy, and will need to simultaneously address conflicts with current dietary advice to only eat ‘small amounts’ of vegetable oils during pregnancy. Improving our understanding of sex-specific differences in fatty acid metabolism and interactions with pregnancy has the potential to inform both personalised nutrition advice and public health policy.

Fatty acid metabolism in the calanoid copepodParacalanus parvus: 1. Polyunsaturated fatty acids

Lipids ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Moreno ◽  
Julia E. A. De Moreno ◽  
Rodolfo R. Brenner
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Metabolism ◽  
Acid Metabolism
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