scholarly journals Lignin oxidation and depolymerisation in ionic liquids

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 834-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Prado ◽  
A. Brandt ◽  
X. Erdocia ◽  
J. Hallet ◽  
T. Welton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Lignin Oxidation ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphate

The depolymerisation of lignin directly in the black liquor was studied, comparing two ionic liquids as extracting solvents (butylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate and triethylammonium hydrogen sulphate), under oxidising conditions.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Caprolactam- based Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Rania A. Naiyl ◽  
Fredrick O. Kengara ◽  
Kirimi H. Kiriamiti ◽  
Yousif A. Ragab
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Capillary Viscometer ◽  
Bronsted Acids ◽  
Green Solvents ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphate

Aims: To synthesize and characterize six caprolactam-based ionic liquids (CPILs) by combination of caprolactam with different organic and inorganic Brønsted acids that can be utilized for lipid extraction from microalgae. Study design:  Experimental design include quantitative and qualitative. Place and duration of study: The study was done at Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Sciences and Aerospace Studies, Moi University (Kenya) between November 2020 and May 2021. Methodology: Six CPILs were prepared through a  simple neutralization reaction between Caprolactam and Brønsted acids such as Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Methane sulphonic acid (CH3SO3H), Trifluoromethanesulphonic acid (CF3SO3H), Acetic acid (CH3CO2H), Trifluoroacetic acid (CF3CO2H), and Sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The first three acids were used in the synthesis of CPILs for the first time. The chemical structures of the synthesized CPILs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The densities and viscosities were measured at 20 oC using the weight (pycnometer) and capillary viscometer (Oswald) methods, respectively. Results: All the CPILs were insoluble in hexane and had high miscibility with water and methanol. Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra of the CPILs were compared with that of free Caprolactam. The characteristic absorption bands of the synthesized compounds showed a big shift in position and/or intensity (compared to caprolactam), indicating the formation of the CPILs. The results showed that both the density and viscosity increased with the molecular weight of the anion - except in Caprolactamium hydrogen sulphate (CPSA)- which could be due to the strong interactions between the cation and anion resulting from the dimerization between hydrogen sulphate anions.   Conclusion: The hydrophilic nature of the CPILs indicated by high miscibility with polar solvents (water and methanol) indicates that they are suitable for the dissolution of cellulose of microalgae cell wall and thus could result in high lipid extraction efficiency. Further studies should therefore utilize the synthesized CPILs in lipid extraction from microalgae.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Chemical Character of Ionic Liquids on Biomass Pre-Treatment and Posterior Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana Bernardo ◽  
Francisco Gírio ◽  
Rafał Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crystalline Cellulose ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphate ◽  
Chemical Character ◽  
Pre Treatment

Ionic liquids have been recognised as interesting solvents applicable in efficient lignocellulosic biomass valorisation, especially in biomass fractionation into individual polymeric components or direct hydrolysis of some biomass fractions. Considering the chemical character of ionic liquids, two different approaches paved the way for the fractionation of biomass. The first strategy integrated a pre-treatment, hydrolysis and conversion of biomass through the employment of hydrogen-bond acidic 1-ethyl-3-methyimidazolim hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid. The second strategy relied on the use of a three-step fractionation process with hydrogen-bond basic 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate to produce high purity cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin fractions. The proposed approaches were scrutinised for wheat straw and eucalyptus residues. These different biomasses enabled an understanding that enzymatic hydrolysis yields are dependent on the crystallinity of the pre-treated biomass. The use of acetate based ionic liquid allowed crystalline cellulose I to change to cellulose II and consequently enhanced the glucan to glucose yield to 93.1 ± 4.1 mol% and 82.9 ± 1.2 mol% for wheat straw and eucalyptus, respectively. However, for hydrogen sulphate ionic liquid, the same enzymatic hydrolysis yields were 61.6 ± 0.2 mol% for wheat straw and only 7.9 ± 0.3 mol% for eucalyptus residues. These results demonstrate the importance of both ionic liquid character and biomass type for efficient biomass processing.

From industrial black liquor to pure phenolic compounds: A combination of catalytic conversion with ionic liquids extraction

2015 ◽  
Vol 502 ◽  
pp. 230-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Garron ◽  
Philippe P. Arquilliere ◽  
Walid Al Maksoud ◽  
Cherif Larabi ◽  
Jean-Jacques Walter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Catalytic Conversion

scholarly journals Comparison of lignin yield from sugarcane bagasse pellets using liquid hot water and ionic liquid pretreatment methods

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Gueh Charles Gnana
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Microwave Digestion ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Liquid Hot Water ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphate

In this research work, lignin yield from sugarcane bagasse pellets (SBP) was investigated after treatment of sugar cane bagasse with liquid hot water (LHW) and enzymatic hydrolysis followed by ionic liquids (ILs) and only ionic liquids pretreatment methods. In the LHW and ionic liquid methods, the SBP were first treated with LHW at 200 °C, for 30 minutes in a suitable reactor, for removal of hemicellulose. The complex cellulignin residue was treated separately with either of two ionic liquids namely: 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]) or 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate ([Bmim][HSO4]), using microwave digestion at varying time intervals. Theionicliquidmethodinvolvedthepretreatmentofsugarcanebagasse pelletswith either 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate followed by microwave digestion at varying time intervals. Ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy at a wavelength of 280 nm was used as a tool for quantification of lignin. The different functional groups of the extracted lignin were confirmed using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) provided information on thermal characteristics of the extracted lignin. In addition to material characterization, mixed factorial ANOVA was performed to compare the extracted lignin yield using the LHW and IL and the ionic liquid pretreatment methods. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify the C5 sugars in the hydrolysate after LHW pretreatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to identify cellulose peaks of cellulignin and SBP and ILs treated samples. The results indicated that the lignin yield from sugarcane bagasse pellets after liquid hot water treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis was 37.8 % (m/v). The highest percentage yield of lignin extracted from the complex cellulignin (LHW and IL) was found to be 68.00 % (m/v) and 32.04 % (m/v) for [Emim][OAc] and [Bmim][HSO4], respectively for the optimized reaction time of 10 minutes. However, 67.25 % (m/v) and 48.94 % (m/v) of the extracted lignin were obtained for the pretreated SBP with [Emim][OAc] and [Bmim][HSO4], respectively for a reaction time of 20 minutes. This comparative study revealed that, there is no significant difference between the yield of lignin extracted from the complex cellulignin (68.00%) and sugarcane bagasse pellets (67.25 %).The sugarcane bagasse pellets is the preferred method since it doesn’t require high energy input.

scholarly journals Polyphenol, polysaccharide and lactate extraction from pulping factory black liquor by ionic liquids

2018 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 140-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Magnin ◽  
Nicolas Papaiconomou ◽  
Isabelle Billard
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Black Liquor

Optimizing lignin extraction from Kraft black liquor using protic Ionic liquids

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 106249
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Saadat Ghareh Bagh ◽  
Srimanta Ray ◽  
Rajesh Seth
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Protic Ionic Liquids ◽  
Kraft Black Liquor ◽  
Lignin Extraction

scholarly journals A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts.

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Nurul Asmawati Roslan ◽  
Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan ◽  
Norhayati Abdullah ◽  
Syamsul Bahari Abdullah ◽  
Sumaiya Zainal Abidin
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphate

<p>The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production.  Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification.  In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>). HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> and BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> were characterized by <sup>1</sup>H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO<sub>4</sub> compared to HMIMHSO<sub>4</sub>. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved</p><p><em>Received: 21<sup>st</sup> January 2016; Revised: 29<sup>th</sup> February 2016; Accepted: 6<sup>th</sup> March 2016</em></p><strong>How to Cite:</strong> Roslan, N.A.,  Che Hasnan M.H., Abdullah, N., Abdullah, S.B., Abidin, S.Z. (2016). A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts. <em>Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis</em>, 11 (2): 182-191 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190)<p><strong>Permalink/DOI:</strong> <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190">http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190</a></p>

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