Polymer aggregation control in polymer–fullerene bulk heterojunctions adapted from solution

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kästner ◽  
Daniel A. M. Egbe ◽  
Harald Hoppe
Keyword(s):  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Single Parameter ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Bulk Heterojunctions ◽  
Chain Polymer ◽  
Structural Order ◽  
Photocurrent Generation ◽  
Photovoltaic Parameters ◽  
Charge Extraction ◽  
Aggregation Control

In a semi-quantitative approach, we unified the inter-chain and intra-chain polymer order into a single parameter of combined structural order PCSO. Relating all photovoltaic parameters to the PCSO, we find convincing evidence, that polymer aggregation supports charge extraction, reduces photocurrent generation and slightly reduces photovoltage.

Time evolution studies of dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole-based A–D–A oligothiophene bulk heterojunctions during solvent vapor annealing towards optimization of photocurrent generation

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1005-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadok Ben Dkhil ◽  
Martin Pfannmöller ◽  
Ibrahim Ata ◽  
David Duché ◽  
Meriem Gaceur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Evolution ◽  
Bulk Heterojunctions ◽  
Solvent Vapor ◽  
Photocurrent Generation ◽  
Vapor Annealing ◽  
Solvent Vapor Annealing

Solvent vapor annealing transforms the morphology of blends by a three-stage mechanism.

Solution-processed solar cells based on inorganic bulk heterojunctions with evident hole contribution to photocurrent generation

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 12328-12339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeliang Qiu ◽  
Changwen Liu ◽  
Guoxing Pan ◽  
Weili Meng ◽  
Wenjin Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Bulk Heterojunctions ◽  
Solution Processed ◽  
Photocurrent Generation ◽  
Excitonic Solar Cells

Non-excitonic solar cells based on inorganic bulk heterojunctions with evident hole contribution to photocurrent generation.

scholarly journals Photocurrent Generation in Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunctions

2004 ◽  
Vol 93 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Mihailetchi ◽  
L. J. A. Koster ◽  
J. C. Hummelen ◽  
P. W. M. Blom
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Heterojunctions ◽  
Photocurrent Generation

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

The Fine Structure of Rat Renal Microbodies and Cytoplasmic Bodies Following Perfusion Fixation

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 620-621
Author(s):  
J. M. Barrett ◽  
P. M. Heidger
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Renal Proximal Tubule ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Cytoplasmic Bodies ◽  
Rat Renal Proximal Tubule ◽  
Renal Proximal Tubule Cells ◽  
Perfusion Fixation

Microbodies have received extensive morphological and cytochemical investigation since they were first described by Rhodin in 1954. To our knowledge, however, all investigations of microbodies and cytoplasmic bodies of rat renal proximal tubule cells have employed immersion fixation. Tisher, et al. have shown convincing evidence of fine structural alteration of microbodies in rhesus monkey kidney following immersion fixation; these alterations were not encountered when in vivo intravascular perfusion was employed. In view of these studies, and the fact that techniques for perfusion fixation have been established specifically for the rat kidney by Maunsbach, it seemed desirable to employ perfusion fixation to study the fine structure and distribution of microbodies and cytoplasmic bodies within the rat renal proximal tubule.

Cosmetology treatments on human hair: An SEM study

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 940-941
Author(s):  
D.F. Bowling
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Human Hair ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Brightness Contrast ◽  
Sem Study

High school cosmetology students study the methods and effects of various human hair treatments, including permanents, straightening, conditioning, coloring and cutting. Although they are provided with textbook examples of overtreatment and numerous hair disorders and diseases, a view of an individual hair at the high resolution offered by an SEM provides convincing evidence of the hair‘s altered structure. Magnifications up to 2000X provide dramatic differences in perspective. A good quality classroom optical microscope can be very informative at lower resolutions.Students in a cosmetology class are initially split into two groups. One group is taught basic controls on the SEM (focus, magnification, brightness, contrast, specimen X, Y, and Z axis movements). A healthy, untreated piece of hair is initially examined on the SEM The second group cements a piece of their own hair on a stub. The samples are dryed quickly using heat or vacuum while the groups trade places and activities.

Elemental mass loss in silicate minerals during x-ray analysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-805
Author(s):  
P.E. Champness ◽  
R.W. Devenish
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Damage Mechanism ◽  
Beam Current ◽  
Single Chain ◽  
Plagioclase Feldspar ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Alkali Ions ◽  
Structural Order ◽  
Sheet Silicate

It has long been recognised that silicates can suffer extensive beam damage in electron-beam instruments. The predominant damage mechanism is radiolysis. For instance, damage in quartz, SiO2, results in loss of structural order without mass loss whereas feldspars (framework silicates containing Ca, Na, K) suffer loss of structural order with accompanying mass loss. In the latter case, the alkali ions, particularly Na, are found to migrate away from the area of the beam. The aim of the present study was to investigate the loss of various elements from the common silicate structures during electron irradiation at 100 kV over a range of current densities of 104 - 109 A m−2. (The current density is defined in terms of 50% of total current in the FWHM probe). The silicates so far ivestigated are:- olivine [(Mg, Fe)SiO4], a structure that has isolated Si-O tetrahedra, garnet [(Mg, Ca, Fe)3Al2Si3AO12 another silicate with isolated tetrahedra, pyroxene [-Ca(Mg, Fe)Si2O6 a single-chain silicate; mica [margarite, -Ca2Al4Si4Al4O2O(OH)4], a sheet silicate, and plagioclase feldspar [-NaCaAl3Si5O16]. Ion- thinned samples of each mineral were examined in a VG Microscopes UHV HB501 field- emission STEM. The beam current used was typically - 0.5 nA and the current density was varied by defocussing the electron probe. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectra were collected every 10 seconds for a total of 200 seconds using a Link Systems windowless detector. The thickness of the samples in the area of analysis was normally 50-150 nm.

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