Rapid high conversion of high free fatty acid feedstock into biodiesel using continuous flow vortex fluidics

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 2276-2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Britton ◽  
Colin L. Raston
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Flow Chemistry ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
High Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Rapid Reduction ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock ◽  
Flow Vortex

Rapid reduction of free fatty acids in biodiesel feedstock: the rapid conversion of problematic free fatty acids in bio-oils has been achieved using room temperature, environmentally benign vortex fluidic flow chemistry.

scholarly journals The synthesis of di-carboxylate esters using continuous flow vortex fluidics

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 2193-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Britton ◽  
Stuart B. Dalziel ◽  
Colin L. Raston
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Flow Chemistry ◽  
Flow Vortex ◽  
Faraday Wave

Faraday wave assisted flow chemistry. Vibrations and shear stress drive the synthesis of di-esters in minutes using room temperature vortex fluidics.

Room Temperature Flow Electrochemistry as a Means of Retaining the “Memory of Chirality” via Hofer Moest Type Reaction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomas Hardwick ◽  
Rossana Cicala ◽  
Nisar Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Supporting Electrolyte ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Flow Chemistry ◽  
Batch Processes ◽  
Enabling Technology ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Memory Of Chirality

<p>Many chiral compounds have become of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry as they possess various biological activities. Concurrently, the concept of “memory of chirality” has been proven as a powerful tool in asymmetric synthesis, while flow chemistry has begun its rise as a new enabling technology to add to the ever increasing arsenal of techniques available to the modern day chemist. Here, we have employed a new simple electrochemical microreactor design to oxidise an L-proline derivative at room temperature in continuous flow. Flow performed in microreactors offers up a number of benefits allowing reactions to be performed in a more convenient and safer manner, and even allow electrochemical reactions to take place without a supporting electrolyte due to a very short interelectrode distance. By the comparison of electrochemical oxidations in batch and flow we have found that continuous flow is able to outperform its batch counterpart, producing a good yield (71%) and a better enantiomeric excess (64%) than batch with a 98% conversion. We have, therefore, provided evidence that continuous flow chemistry has the potential to act as a new enabling technology to replace some aspects of conventional batch processes. </p>

Development of an Assay to Determine the Amount of Ca-Fatty Acid Soaps in Feces

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha Stroebinger ◽  
Shane M Rutherfurd ◽  
Sharon J Henare ◽  
Paul J Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Acid Soap ◽  
Fatty Acid Salts ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Acid Salts

Abstract Background The quantification of fecal Ca-fatty acid soaps is important to understand how fatty acids behave in the gastrointestinal tract. Objective As current methods to extract Ca-fatty acid soaps from feces give low recoveries an accurate assay to determine the amount of fatty acid soaps in feces was developed. Method Ca-fatty acid soaps are determined indirectly after non-soap fatty acid compounds have been extracted from the feces. Synthetic Ca-fatty acid soaps of different chain lengths (C12–C18) and degree of saturation (C18:0–C18:2) were incubated with several solvents to find the solvents that least-solubilize the Ca-fatty acid soaps. A three-step extraction was devised using extractions with hexane, hexane-isopropanol and water either at room temperature or at 60°C, 37°C, or 80°C, respectively. Feces were spiked with free fatty acids, Ca-fatty acid soaps, Na-fatty acid salts, and phospholipids. Results All of the free fatty acids and phospholipids and almost all of the Na-fatty acid salts were removed and 98% of Ca-lauric acid soap, 99% of Ca-stearic acid soap, and 93% of oleic acid soap were recovered. Conclusions The method is suitable for determining fatty acids in the form of Ca-fatty acid soaps in feces. Highlights New method to determine fecal Ca-fatty acid soaps. Consistent and high recovery of fatty acid-soaps.

Continuous flow vortex fluidic production of biodiesel

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (91) ◽  
pp. 49850-49854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Britton ◽  
Colin L. Raston
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Flow Vortex ◽  
Spontaneous Phase

Vortex fluidic synthesis of biodiesel from sunflower oil under continuous flow at room temperature, with spontaneous phase separation.

scholarly journals Postharvest Fruit Detachment in Oil Palm Bunches with Ethephon and Ethylene Gas Application

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Arutchelvam Balakrishnan ◽  
Mohd Ibnur Syawal Zakaria ◽  
Bee Aik Tan ◽  
Jaime Yoke Sum Low ◽  
Shwu Fun Kua ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Indirect Method ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunches

The processing of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB), together with loose fruits, in the current mill operation contributes to oil loss and high free fatty acids (FFA), affecting crude palm oil quality. Fruit detachment induced by ethephon and ethylene may mitigate the current processing issues. This study shows that a 0.50% (v/v) ethephon application by the evaporation method induced the highest fruit detachment of 30.8 ± 1.1% after 24 h at room temperature, with the FFA content in the extracted crude palm oil at 0.34 ± 0.09%. Ethephon application was effective on bunches between 14 and 28 kg, and fruit detachment was higher in ripe and underripe bunches at 24.1 ± 0.9% and 23.2 ± 0.1%, respectively. A significant fruit detachment of 47.2 ± 2.4% was achieved when the bunches were also stripped mechanically, but the FFA content increased almost 4-fold, from 1.0 ± 0.2% to 3.8 ± 1.2%. The application of ethylene gas at 750 ppm yielded 29.4 ± 1.9% fruit detachment. The findings present the possibility of using ethylene as an indirect method for minimizing oil loss without increasing the FFA content in future crude palm oil production systems.

scholarly journals 369 Relationship Between Ethylene Production and Accumulation of Cuticular Constituents in `Delicious' Apples During Fruit Ripening at Room Temperature

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 507C-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiguo Ju ◽  
William J. Bramlage
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Carbohydrate Polymers ◽  
Fatty Acids And Alcohols

Developmental changes in total cuticle and cuticular constituents were studied with `Delicious' fruit. Total wax (0.31 mg/cm2) and total cutin (0.54 mg/cm2, including carbohydrate polymers) were low in young fruit. They increased during fruit growth and reached 1.41 and 2.47 mg/cm2 of fruit peel at harvest, respectively. During fruit ripening at 20 °C, total cutin did not change, but total wax increased rapidly and reached 2.15 mg•cm-2 at 6 weeks. The increase of cuticular wax paralleled the increase of internal ethylene in fruit. Wax was separated by column chromatograph into four portions, hydrocarbons and wax esters, free alcohols, free fatty acids, and diols. More than half of the diols was ursolic acid. During fruit development, more hydrocarbons and diols accumulated in cuticle than free fatty acids and alcohols. During fruit ripening, all of the four portions increased, coincident with the climacteric rise in ethylene, but the increase rates of free fatty acids and alcohols were higher than those of other portions. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 220 mg•L-1) preharvest treatment inhibited internal ethylene synthesis to below 0.5 μL•L-1 during 6 weeks at 20 °C, and also inhibited wax accumulation. Ethephon (200 mg/L) preharvest treatment increased ethylene production and accelerated wax accumulation. α-farnesene accumulation coincided with increased internal ethylene and paralleled free fatty acid and alcohol accumulation.

Esterification of free fatty acids in non- edible oils using partially sulfonated polystyrene for biodiesel feedstock

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remya Suresh ◽  
Jolly Vakayil Antony ◽  
Ragi Vengalil ◽  
George Elias Kochimoolayil ◽  
Rani Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Sulfonated Polystyrene ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGEMASAN VAKUM TERHADAP KUALITAS BANDENG PRESTO SELAMA PENYIMPANAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Lukita Purnamayati ◽  
Ima Wijayanti ◽  
Apri Dwi Anggo ◽  
Ulfah Amalia ◽  
Sumardianto Sumardianto
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Vacuum Packaging ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fishery Product

Softbone milkfish is a fishery product that easily damaged during storage. One of the efforts to inhibit the<br />damage of softbone milkfish was using vacuum packaging. The purpose of this study was to determine the<br />changes quality of softbone milkfish which were vacuum packed during storage at room temperature. Fresh<br />milkfish was heating with high pressure by using a pressure cooker. Softbone milkfish was then stored at room<br />temperature for six days. Analysis was carried out every three days for the parameters of free fatty acids, TVBN,<br />and organoleptics. The results showed that the number of free fatty acids and TVBN increased during storage.<br />Free fatty acids and TVBN of softbone milkfish with vacuum packaging after sixth days of storage were 2.95%<br />and 15.95 mgN/100g, respectively. This value was lower than the non-vacuum softbone milkfish. Based on<br />organoleptic analysis, softbone milkfish with vacuum packaging was still suitable for consumption until the third<br />day of storage. This showed that vacuum packaging can extend the shelf life of softbone milkfish.

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