Benzotriazole and 5-methylbenzotriazole in recycled water, surface water and dishwashing detergents from Perth, Western Australia: analytical method development and application

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 448-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Alotaibi ◽  
B. M. Patterson ◽  
A. J. McKinley ◽  
A. Y. Reeder ◽  
A. J. Furness
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Western Australian

A simplified analytical method was developed and used to assess the occurrence of benzotriazole and 5-methyl benzotriazole and removal rates in various Western Australian environmental water samples.

scholarly journals Fast UHPLC-MS/MS for the Simultaneous Determination of Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Fluoxetine and Sotalol in Surface Water Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 8316
Author(s):  
Mira Azzi ◽  
Sylvain Ravier ◽  
Assem Elkak ◽  
Bruno Coulomb ◽  
Jean-Luc Boudenne
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Simultaneous Determination ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry

Chromatographic development for the determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental water samples is particularly challenging when the analytes have significantly different physico-chemical properties (solubility, polarity, pKa) often requiring multiple chromatographic methods for each active component. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of azithromycin, erythromycin (antibiotics), fluoxetine (anti-depressant) and sotalol (b-blocker) in surface waters by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These pharmaceuticals—presenting a broad spectrum of polarity (0.24 ≤ log Kow ≤ 4.05)—were separated on a C-18 analytical column, after a simple filtration step for freshwater samples or after a liquid–liquid extraction with Methyl-tertio-butyl ether (MTBE) for seawater samples. The optimized separation method (in terms of nature of column and eluent, elution gradient, and of mass spectrometric parameters), enable one to reach limits of detection ranging between 2 and 7 ng L−1 and limits of quantification between 7 and 23 ng L−1 for the four targeted molecules, within a three minute run. This method was validated using samples collected from three different surface waters in Lebanon (freshwater and seawater) and analytical results were compared with those obtained in surface waters sampled in a French river, equivalent in terms of human activities. Using this method, we report the highest concentration of pharmaceuticals found in surface water (up to 377 ng L−1 and 268 ng L−1, respectively, for azithromycin and erythromycin, in the Litani river, Lebanon).

Studies on the prevalence of giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts in South African water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
C. Hilner ◽  
M. du Preez ◽  
B. Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
South African Water ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Giardia Cysts

The levels of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in 650 environmental water samples were investigated. Cysts and oocysts were found in all types of water tested. The presence of Giardia cysts exceeded Cryptosporidium oocysts both in the number per sample and the number of positive samples. Almost 50% of sewage samples studied contained Giardia cysts and 30% contained both Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts. Treatment of sewage resulted in a reduction in the percentage of samples containing cysts and/or oocysts (30% of treated effluent samples were positive for Giardia and 25% had both cysts and oocysts). Higher numbers of Giardia cysts were found in surface water samples than in either sewage or treated effluents (55% of surface water samples were positive). However, the number of cysts isolated per surface water sample was lower on average. Most water purification plants showed effective removal of cysts and oocysts. However, 13% of potable water samples contained protozoan parasites, indicating occasional failure of the purification processes and the need for monitoring final treated water.

Hollow-fiber ultrafiltration ofCryptosporidium parvumoocysts from a wide variety of 10-L surface water samples

2002 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C Kuhn ◽  
Kevin H Oshima
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Hollow Fiber ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Cryptosporidium Oocysts ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
High Turbidity ◽  
Surface Water Samples ◽  
Better Than

An optimized hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system (50 000 MWCO) was developed to concentrate Cryptosporidium oocysts from 10-L samples of environmental water. Seeded experiments were conducted using a number of surface-water samples from the southwestern U.S.A. and source water from four water districts with histories of poor oocyst recovery. Ultrafiltration produced a mean recovery of 47.9% from 19 water samples (55.3% from 39 individual tests). We also compared oocyst recoveries using the hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system with those using the Envirochek filter. In limited comparison tests, the hollow-fiber ultrafiltration system produced recoveries similar to those of the Envirochek filter (hollow fiber, 74.1% (SD = 2.8); Envirochek, 71.9% (SD = 5.2)) in low-turbidity (3.9 NTU) samples and performed better than the Envirochek filter in high-turbidity (159.0 NTU) samples (hollow fiber, 27.5%; Envirochek, 0.4%). These results indicate that hollow-fiber ultrafiltration can efficiently recover oocysts from a wide variety of surface waters and may be a cost-effective alternative for concentrating Cryptosporidium from water, given the reusable nature of the filter.Key words: Cryptosporidium, ultrafiltration, oocyst.

scholarly journals Validation of an analytical method to dye auramine analysis in the surface water samples

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Kaori Kasahara ◽  
Cassiana Carolina Montagner Raimundo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Surface Water Samples

The dye auramine, used in textile and paper factory, is possibly carcinogenic according to Internation Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Its production and commercialization are forbidden in Europe, however, it still being sold and produced in another countries, even Brazil. Then, this work is proposed validate an method for analysis of auramine in surface water samples using LLE and HPLC-DAD-UV.

scholarly journals Exploring the oxidative stress response mechanism triggered by environmental water samples

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 1126-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peta A. Neale ◽  
Maud E. S. Achard ◽  
Beate I. Escher ◽  
Frederic D. L. Leusch
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Oxidative Stress Response ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Ros Formation ◽  
Surface Water Samples

The oxidative stress response triggered by surface water samples was explored by measuring ROS formation and changes in glutathione concentration.

A simple new method for the determination of ammonium isotopes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Guo ◽  
Ran Jiang ◽  
Xinfeng Zhang ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
15N Natural Abundance ◽  
New Method ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

We report a new method for the determination of 15N natural abundance (concentration of 15N) for ammonium (NH4+) in the water samples, including drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and seawater,...

scholarly journals Dead-End Ultrafiltration and DNA-Based Methods for Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Agricultural Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Durigan ◽  
Helen R. Murphy ◽  
Alexandre J. da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cyclospora Cayetanensis ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Surface Water Samples

ABSTRACT Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne and waterborne diarrheal illness outbreaks worldwide. Most of these outbreaks are associated with the consumption of fresh produce. Sensitive and specific methods to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water are needed to identify the parasite in agricultural water used to irrigate crops that have been implicated in outbreaks. In this study, a method to detect C. cayetanensis in water by combining dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) with sensitive and specific molecular detection was developed and evaluated. Triplicates of 10-liter agricultural water samples were seeded with 200, 100, 25, 12, and 6 C. cayetanensis oocysts. Surface water samples were also collected in the Mid-Atlantic region. All water samples were processed by DEUF and backflushed from the ultrafilters. DNA was extracted from concentrated samples and analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the C. cayetanensis 18S rRNA gene. All water samples seeded with 12, 25, 100, and 200 oocysts were positive, and all unseeded samples were negative. Samples seeded with 6 oocysts had a detection rate of 66.6% (8/12). The method was also able to detect C. cayetanensis isolates in surface water samples from different locations of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (C&O Canal) in Maryland. This approach could consistently detect C. cayetanensis DNA in 10-liter agricultural water samples contaminated with low levels of oocysts, equivalent to the levels that may be found in naturally incurred environmental water sources. Our data demonstrate the robustness of the method as a useful tool to detect C. cayetanensis from environmental sources. IMPORTANCE Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne and waterborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness worldwide. These foodborne outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce and agricultural water could play a role in the contamination process. In this study, a method to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water by combining a robust filtration system with sensitive and specific molecular detection was developed and validated by the FDA. The results showed that this approach could consistently detect low levels of C. cayetanensis contamination in 10 liters of agricultural water, corresponding to the levels that may be found in naturally occurring environmental water sources. The method was also able to detect C. cayetanensis in surface water samples from a specific location in the Mid-Atlantic region. Our data demonstrate the robustness of the method to detect C. cayetanensis in agricultural water samples, which could be very useful to identify environmental sources of contamination.

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