Inhibitive effect of calcium on the primary nucleation of sodium carbonate in the evaporation process of the caustic liquor

CrystEngComm ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (27) ◽  
pp. 6219-6223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Guo ◽  
Shaotao Cao ◽  
Yifei Zhang ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Reflectance Measurement ◽  
Primary Nucleation ◽  
Focused Beam

Unusual nucleation of sodium carbonate in caustic liquor could be observed from the data of a focused beam reflectance measurement during evaporation in a batch evaporator.

scholarly journals Lime/Sodium Carbonate Treated Seawater to Improve Flocculation and Sedimentation of Clay-Based Tailings

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4108
Author(s):  
Francisco Pulgar ◽  
Luis Ayala ◽  
Matías Jeldres ◽  
Pedro Robles ◽  
Pedro G. Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Reflectance Measurement ◽  
Vacuum Filtration ◽  
Calcium Complexes ◽  
Focused Beam ◽  
Flocculation Time

Seawater treated with lime and sodium carbonate in different proportions to reduce magnesium and calcium contents is used in flocculation and sedimentation tests of artificial quartz and kaolin tailings. Solid complexes were separated from water by vacuum filtration, and factors such as lime/sodium carbonate ratio, kaolin content, flocculation time, and flocculant dose are evaluated. The growth of the aggregates was captured in situ by a focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) probe. Solid magnesium and calcium complexes are formed in raw seawater at pH 11, impairing the performance of flocculant polymers based on polyacrylamides. The results show that the settling rate improved when the treatment’s lime/sodium carbonate ratio increased. That is, when a greater removal of magnesium is prioritized over calcium. The amount of magnesium required to be removed depends on the mineralogy of the system: more clay will require more significant removal of magnesium. These results respond to the structural changes of the flocs, achieving that the more magnesium is removed, the greater the size and density of the aggregates. In contrast, calcium removal does not significantly influence flocculant performance. The study suggests the necessary conditions for each type of tailing to maximize water recovery, contributing to the effective closure of the water cycle in processes that use seawater with magnesium control.

Sodium salt scaling in black liquor evaporators and the effects of the addition of tall oil brine

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Karlsson ◽  
Anders Åkesjö
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Tall Oil ◽  
Sulphate Content ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Salt Scaling ◽  
Primary Nucleation

AbstractSodium salt scaling, i. e. the formation of doubles salts comprised of sodium, carbonate and sulphate on the heat transfer surfaces, is a common problem that occurs during black liquor evaporation. In this study, experimental results are presented that provide new insights into the formation and composition of such scales and how they are influenced by the addition of tall oil brine. It was found that increased content of sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate in the black liquor increased scaling, while the ratio between carbonate and sulphate had a lesser influence than reported in other studies. Black liquor created loose clay-like scales comprised of aggregated crystals and black liquor, whereas salt solutions created hard mineral-like scales. The scales formed by both the black liquor and the salt solution showed a tendency to fall off during formation after primary nucleation. It was also found that both tall oil soap and alkalized tall oil brine could inhibit the formation of scales. The inhibition effect is stronger if adding the soap or brine just before scaling starts, but also depends on the amount added, the sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate content in the liquor as well as other factors.

Interpretation of Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) Data via Simulated Crystallization

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 646-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zai Qun Yu ◽  
Pui Shan Chow ◽  
Reginald B. H. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Reflectance Measurement ◽  
Focused Beam

Evaluation of focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) for monitoring and predicting the crystal size of carbamazepine in crystallization processes

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Acevedo ◽  
Wei-Lee Wu ◽  
Xiaochuan Yang ◽  
Naresh Pavurala ◽  
Adil Mohammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Model Compound ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Crystal Size Distribution ◽  
Reflectance Measurement ◽  
Focused Beam

Pharmaceutical crystallization affects the properties of APIs as it determines the purity and crystal size distribution, among other attributes. This work presents two CLD–CSD models, theoretical and empirical, for a model compound.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Instrumental Methods to Describe and Assess the Recrystallization Process in Ice Cream Systems

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kamińska-Dwórznicka ◽  
Ewa Gondek ◽  
Sylwia Łaba ◽  
Ewa Jakubczyk ◽  
Katarzyna Samborska
Keyword(s):  
Ice Cream ◽  
Recrystallization Process ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Reflectance Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Instrumental Methods ◽  
Focused Beam

Methods of testing and describing the recrystallization process in ice cream systems were characterized. The scope of this study included a description of the recrystallization process and a description and comparison of the following methods: microscopy and image analysis, focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM), oscillation thermo-rheometry (OTR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), splat-cooling assay, and X-ray microtomography (micro-CT). All the methods presented were suitable for characterization of the recrystallization process, although they provide different types of information, and they should be individually matched to the characteristics of the tested product.

Focused beam reflectance measurement for monitoring the extent and efficiency of flocculation in mineral systems

AIChE Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Senaputra ◽  
Franca Jones ◽  
Phillip D. Fawell ◽  
Peter G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Reflectance Measurement ◽  
Focused Beam
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