The rate of nitronium ion formation from nitric acid in aqueous sulphuric acid

1974 ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Chapman ◽  
Alec N. Strachan
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Ion Formation

Rates and activation energies of nitronium ion formation and reaction in the nitration of toluene in ∼78% sulphuric acid

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1280-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
George F. Sheats ◽  
Alec N. Strachan
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Activation Energies ◽  
Reverse Reaction ◽  
Stopped Flow ◽  
Ion Formation ◽  
Encounter Complex

A stopped-flow spectrometer has been used to investigate the mechanism of the nitration of toluene, and to determine kinetic parameters for the formation and reaction of nitronium ion, in 77.3 and 78.45 wt.% sulphuric acid. The protonation of nitric acid to form nitronium ion and water is found to occur at similar rates at both acid concentrations and to have an activation energy of 18.3 ± 4.0 kcal mol−1. The activation energy of the reverse reaction, the heat of the reaction, and the activation energy of encounter complex formation between nitronium ion and toluene are estimated to be respectively 10.5 ± 4.0, 7.8 ± 0.5, and 5.9 ± 0.1 kcal mol−1 in 77.3% H2SO4 and 12.0 ± 4.0, 6.3 ± 0.5, and 6.0 ± 0.1 kcal mol−1 in 78.45% H2SO4.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF CETANE IMPROVER FROM Jathropa curcas OIL

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
D.R. Wicakso ◽  
A.B. Junaidi ◽  
Badruzsaufari Badruzsaufari
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Jatropha Curcas ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Alkyl Nitrates ◽  
Total N ◽  
Jatropha Curcas Oil ◽  
Magnetic Stirrer

Nitration of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil using mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 had been done in an attempt to obtain a cetane improver or cetane number enhancer. The nitration was carried out by varying the numbers of moles of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, temperature and time. The process was conducted in a round bottom flask reactor that equipped with a magnetic stirrer and a ball cooler on a water batch. The mixture of H2SO4 and HNO3 was placed in the reactor and subsequently added slowly with biodiesel drop by drop. The results showed that increasing the mole numbers of sulphuric acid tends to reduce the yield or volume and total N of nitrated biodiesel. Increasing the number of moles of nitric acid tends to increase the yield, but decrease the value of total N. While increasing of temperature and reaction time tends to reduce the yield and total N. From FTIR spectra product was estimated as a mixture of esters of alkyl nitrates and nitro. From the testing of cetane number it can be predicted that nitrated biodiesel potentially as cetane improver.

scholarly journals V. The conditions of the reaction between copper and nitric acid

1890 ◽  
Vol 46 (280-285) ◽  
pp. 216-222 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Metallic Zinc

About fifty years ago De La Rive observed that pure metallic zinc but slowly enters into reaction with dilute sulphuric acid; shortly afterwards Faraday confirmed this observation in the case of amalgamated zinc.

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