scholarly journals The impact of the number of layers of a graphene nanopore on DNA translocation

Soft Matter ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 960-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenping Lv ◽  
Maodu Chen ◽  
Ren'an Wu
Keyword(s):  
Dna Translocation ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Graphene Nanopore

Revealing Mechanical Strength of Nanopores Using Atomic Finite Element Techniques

2018 ◽  
Vol 934 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Prapasiri Pongprayoon ◽  
Attaphon Chaimanatsakun
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Pore Surface ◽  
Vertical Rectangle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Graphene Nanopore

Graphene nanopore has been widely employed in nanofilter or nanopore devices due to its outstanding properties. The understanding of its mechanical properties at nanoscale is crucial for device improvement. In this work, the mechanical properties of graphene nanopore is thus investigated using atomistic finite element method (AFEM). Four graphene models with different pore shapes (circular (CR), horizontal rectangle (RH), and vertical rectangle (RV)) in sub-nm size which could be successfully fabricated experimentally have been studied here. The force normal to a pore surface is applied to mimic the impact force due to a fluid flow. Increasing pore size results in the reduction in its strength. Comparing among different pore shapes with comparable sizes, the order of pore strength is CR>RH>RV>SQ. In addition, we observe that the direction of pore alignment and geometries of pore edge also play a key role in mechanical strength of nanopores.

scholarly journals Electrografting of 4-Carboxybenzenediazonium on Glassy Carbon Electrode: The Effect of Concentration on the Formation of Mono and Multilayers

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4575
Author(s):  
Sereilakhena Phal ◽  
Kenichi Shimizu ◽  
Daniel Mwanza ◽  
Philani Mashazi ◽  
Andrey Shchukarev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glassy Carbon Electrode ◽  
Glassy Carbon ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Diazonium Salt ◽  
Oxidation Potential ◽  
Carbon Surface ◽  
Carbon Electrode ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
The Impact

Grafting of electrodes with diazonium salts using cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a well-established procedure for surface modification. However, little is known about the effect of the concentration of the diazonium salt on the number of layers grafted on the electrode surface. In this work, the impact of concentration on the grafting of 4-carboxybenzenediazonium (4-CBD) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is elucidated. The number of layers grafted on the GCE was linearly dependent on the concentration of 4-CBD and varied between 0.9 and 4.3 when the concentration was varied between 0.050 and 0.30 mmol/L at 0.10 V.s−1. Characterization of modified glassy carbon surface with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the grafting of carboxyphenyl layer on the surface. Grafting with 0.15 mmol/L 4-CBD (1 CV cycle) did not form a detectable amount of carboxyphenyl (CP) moieties at the surface, while a single scan with higher concentration (2.5 mmol/L) or multiple scans (22 cycles) gave detectable signals, indicating formation of multilayers. We also demonstrate the possibility of removing the thin layer grafted on a glassy carbon electrode by applying high oxidation potential +1.40 V.

scholarly journals Quarterly Egg Production Estimators

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Robert G. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
On Farm ◽  
The Impact

Egg production is a continuous process determined by the number of layers in the nation's flock and the rate at which they produce. Annual production usually varies little from year to year. However, economic and biological factors with accompanying management considerations cause production to vary seasonally with peaks usually occurring in the second quarter.Total egg production statistics include eggs produced for human consumption as well as hatching purposes. The impact of changes in total egg production on farm prices is difficult to assess since eggs used for hatching (primarily broilers) and table eggs are influenced by different economic and structural factors.

The effects of production technologies on the air permeability and crack development of cross-laminated timber

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Villu Kukk ◽  
Targo Kalamees ◽  
Jaan Kers
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Cross Laminated Timber ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Impact

In a building envelope, the cross-laminated timber is often used as an air barrier layer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of production technologies such as edge bonding, different initial moisture content of lamination and number of lamination layers (three and five) on the air permeability properties of the cross-laminated timber. Air leakage and crack area in cross-laminated timber panels were measured after the panels were conditioned in environments with different relative humidities in progressive steps from humid to dry environments (relative humidity 75% → relative humidity 43% → relative humidity 30% → relative humidity 15%). The test results showed that the five-layer specimens combined with initially drier laminations had the most considerable effect on avoiding air leakages through the panel. The greater number of layers helps to avoid any overlapping of gaps between laminations that are possible sources of air leakages. Based on the results, it is recommended to combine the technologies of using a larger number of layers together with initially drier laminations to minimise the growth of cracks on panel surfaces and avoid air leakages during the time of use.

Effect of Scaleup and Aggregation on the Use of Well Tests To Identify Geological Properties

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olubusola O. Thomas ◽  
Rajagopal S. Raghavan ◽  
Thomas N. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
History Matching ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Well Test ◽  
Transient Pressure ◽  
Fine Grid ◽  
Pressure Transient ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Pressure Test ◽  
Well Tests ◽  
The Impact

Summary This paper discusses specific issues encountered when pressure tests are analyzed in reservoirs with complex geological properties. These issues relate to questions concerning the methodology of scaleup, the degree of aggregation, and the reliability of conventional methods of analysis. The paper shows that if we desire to use pressure-transient analysis to determine more complex geological features such as connectivity and widths of channels, we need a model that incorporates reservoir heterogeneity. This complexity can lead to significantly more computational effort in the analysis of the pressure transient. The paper demonstrates that scaleup criteria, based on steady-state procedures, are inadequate to capture transient pressure responses. Furthermore, the number of layers needed to match the transient response may be significantly greater than the number of layers needed for a reservoir-simulation study. The use of models without a sufficient number of layers may lead to interpretations that are in significant error. The paper compares various vertical aggregation methods to coarsen the fine-grid model. The pressure-derivative curve is used as a measure of evaluating the adequacy of the scaleup procedure. Neither the use of permeability at a wellbore nor the average layer permeability as criteria for the aggregation was adequate to reduce the number of layers significantly. Introduction The objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the impact of the detailed and small-scale heterogeneities of a formation on the flow characteristics that are obtained from a pressure test and how those heterogeneities affect the analysis of the pressure test. The literature recognizes that special scaleup procedures are required in the vicinity of wells located in heterogeneous fields. Our work demonstrates that these procedures apply only to rather small changes in pressure over time and are usually inadequate to meet objectives for history-matching well tests. Using a fine-scale geological model derived by geological and geophysical techniques, this work systematically examines the interpretations obtained by various aggregation and scaleup techniques. We will demonstrate that unless care is taken, the consequences of too much aggregation may lead to significant errors on decisions concerning the value of a reservoir. Current scaleup techniques presume that spatial (location of boundaries, location of faults, etc.) variables are maintained. In analyzing a well test, however, one of our principal objectives is to determine the relationship between the well response and geometrical variables. We show that a limited amount of aggregation will preserve the spatial and petrophysical relationships we wish to determine. At this time, there appears to be no method available to determine the degree of scaleup a priori. Because the objective of well testing is to estimate reservoir properties, the scaleup process needs to be made a part of the history-matching procedure. By assuming a truth case, we show that too much vertical aggregation may lead to significant errors. Comparisons with traditional analyses based on analytical techniques are made. Whenever an analytical model is used in the analysis, unless otherwise stated, we use a single-layer-reservoir solution.

The Impact of Trade on Organization and Productivity*

2012 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 1393-1467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Caliendo ◽  
Esteban Rossi-Hansberg
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Gains From Trade ◽  
Span Of Control ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Increase In Productivity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Abstract A firm's productivity depends on how production is organized. To understand this relationship we develop a theory of an economy where firms with heterogeneous demands use labor and knowledge to produce. Entrepreneurs decide the number of layers of management and the knowledge and span of control of each agent. As a result, in the theory, heterogeneity in demand leads to heterogeneity in productivity and other firms' outcomes. We use the theory to analyze the impact of international trade on organization and calibrate the model to the U.S. economy. Our results indicate that, as a result of a bilateral trade liberalization, firms that export will increase the number of layers of management. The new organization of the average exporter results in higher productivity, although the responses of productivity are heterogeneous across these firms. Liberalizing trade from autarky to the level of openness in 2002 results in a 1% increase in productivity for the marginal exporter and a 1.8% increase in its revenue productivity. Endogenous organization increases the gains from trade by 41% relative to standard models.

scholarly journals Analysis of Number of Layers and Volume Fraction of Fiber Against Shock Load and Composite Compressive Strength Wind Turbine Propeller

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-171
Author(s):  
Kris Witono ◽  
◽  
Pondi Udianto ◽  
Heru Prasetyo ◽  
Sugeng Hadi Susilo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Shock Load ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

The manufacture of wind turbine blades has a very high risk of failure, especially in the manufacturing section or in this case the material structure. If the structure of the propeller material is not able to withstand the very high pressure and air flow, it will result in the failure of the material structure when it is in use. For this reason, the purpose of this study was to determine the composition of composite materials that have high strength and toughness properties and are suitable for wind turbine propellers. The method used in this research is experimental. The independent variables include the number of layers and the volume fraction of straw fiber. The dependent variables are shock load and compressive strength. Each compression test specimen is made with a gauge length of 100mm, a width of 25mm, and a thickness of 2.5mm. While the impact test specimens are made equal to l25mm long, l2mm wide, l2mm high, and 2mm notch. The results showed that the bending strength of the straw fiber composite with 6 layers had an increasing trend as the number of layers increased. The highest bending strength with the number of piles of 6 layers and the lowest strength with the number of piles of 2 layers. In addition, the volume fraction is very influential on the bending stress of the straw composite matrix. It can be seen that the matrix with a volume fraction of 50% has the greatest bending stress in each number of layers, both 2, 4 and 6. For the impact test, it is found that the optimal number of layers occurs in the number of 2 layers with a volume fraction of 33%. The shock load tends to decrease. Meanwhile, based on the volume fraction, the larger the volume fraction, the smaller the shock load that can be received by the straw fiber composite material.

Impact Failure Analysis of Glass/Epoxy Textile Composites

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabit Adanur ◽  
Levent Onal
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Textile Composites ◽  
Molding Pressure ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Composite Properties

Abstract The production parameters of composites are effective on the impact properties of the material. The effects of the number of layers, thickness, manufacturing characteristics such as molding time, molding temperature, molding pressure and the mixing ratio of epoxy resin and curing agent were examined at the same volume fraction ratio. There is an optimum point for most of the variables. Parameters below and above of this point lead an increase in deflection level. Impact velocity is effective on the composite properties as well.

Reflectivity Modelling of All-Porous-Silicon Distributed Bragg Reflectors and Fabry-Perot Microcavities

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Samuolienė ◽  
E. Šatkovskis
Keyword(s):  
Porous Silicon ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Active Layer ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Bragg Reflectors ◽  
Distributed Bragg Reflectors ◽  
Bragg Mirror ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
Fabry Perot ◽  
The Impact

Herein, the problem of nanocrystaline silicon laser and its importance in microelectronics are discussed upon. The features of vertical Fabry-Perot microcavities made on the base of porous silicon are described. The responses of the reflectivity of the distributed reflection Bragg mirrors and Fabry-Perot microcavities were found using transfer matrixes method for this purpose. Inherent optical parameters of porous silicon, deposited by electrochemical etch, were used in the calculations. The calculation of the reflectivity of the distributed reflection Bragg mirrors with front active layer of nanostructural porous silicon had been examined. In the second part, the features of Fabry-Perot microcavities on variation of the number of layers of the front or rear mirrors are described. The impact of the thickness of the active nanocrystaline silicon spacer between two distributed reflection Bragg mirrors upon the spectra of optical reflectivity of Fabry-Perot microcavities in the wavelength range of 0.4–0.9 µm had been examined as well. The made conclusions are important for improvement of the thickness of the active porous silicon spacer in front of Bragg mirror and the features of Fabry-Perot microcavities.

The impact of the number of layers of the graphene nanopores and the electrical field on ssDNA translocation

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiapeng Li ◽  
Haochen Wang ◽  
Yusheng Li ◽  
Kezhen Han
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Field ◽  
Number Of Layers ◽  
The Impact
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