Addition of suitably-designed zwitterions improves the saturated water content of hydrophobic ionic liquids

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (91) ◽  
pp. 11220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoritsugu Ito ◽  
Yuki Kohno ◽  
Nobuhumi Nakamura ◽  
Hiroyuki Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Saturated Water Content ◽  
Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids

Prediction of soil saturated water content using evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR)

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (8) ◽  
pp. 1155-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shokufeh Salehi Khoshkroudi ◽  
Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi ◽  
Mirkhalegh Ziatabar Ahmadi ◽  
Meysam Ramezani
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Evolutionary Polynomial Regression ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Saturated Water Content

scholarly journals The Saturated Water Content of Liquid Propane in Equilibrium with the sII Hydrate

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6295
Author(s):  
Kayode I. Adeniyi ◽  
Connor E. Deering ◽  
Robert A. Marriott
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Relative Difference ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Helmholtz Equations ◽  
Liquid Propane ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Reference Quality ◽  
Saturated Water Content ◽  
Good Agreement

In order to prevent solids from forming during the transportation and handling of liquid propane, C3H8(l), the fluid is dehydrated to a level below the water dew point concentration for the coldest operating temperature. Thus, accurate calculation of the saturation water content for C3H8 is important to determine the designed allowable concentration in liquid C3H8. In this work, we measured the water content of liquid C3H8 in the presence of the structure II hydrate from p = 1.081 to 40.064 MPa and T = 241.95 to 276.11 K using a tunable diode absorption spectroscopy technique. The water content results were modelled using the reference quality reduced Helmholtz equations and the Sloan et al. model for the non-hydrate and hydrate phases, respectively. Calculations show a good agreement (an average difference of less than 12 ppm) when compared to our measurements. Furthermore, the model was also used for calculating the dissociation temperatures for three phase loci, where a relative difference greater than 5 K was observed compared to the literature, hence our previously model reported by Adeniyi et al. is recommended for three phase loci calculations.

Influence of leaf surface wax and leaf area to water content ratio on cuticular transpiration in western conifers, U.S.A.

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1306-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian L. Hadley ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Cuticular Transpiration ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Surface Wax ◽  
Saturated Water Content ◽  
Leaf Surface Wax

High cuticular water loss, desiccation, and leaf mortality during winter in conifers at alpine timberline represent especially dramatic examples of the ecophysiological importance of cuticular transpiration. However, little research has been conducted on the winter water relations of forest trees, even though recent evidence suggests a potentially high leaf mortality due, at least in part, to winter desiccation. Two factors that could have important influences on cuticular transpiration, leaf surface wax and the ratio of leaf area (A) to saturated water content (Mw), were compared for six conifer species common to the central Rocky Mountains, United States. Leaves were collected from forest trees at the end of winter (May) to compare the amount of leaf surface wax, cuticular conductance to water vapor (gc), and leaf water content. Decreases in relative leaf water content were much more linearly related to transpiration per unit saturated water content than either gc or A/Mw, separately. Only A/Mw appeared correlated with the rate of cuticular transpiration. Also, linear increases in gc occurred with increasing leaf water content. Estimated desiccation resistance during winter corresponded closely to the degree of drought tolerance characterized previously for each species based only on summer growth conditions. Thus, winter desiccation resistance may be an important, yet under-emphasized, ecological factor influencing conifer distribution patterns.

scholarly journals ESTIMASI TOTAL AIR TERSEDIA BAGI TANAMAN PADA BERBAGAI TEKSTUR TANAH MENGGUNAKAN METODE PENGUKURAN KANDUNGAN AIR JENUH

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Fitria Dwi Darmayati ◽  
Tarsicius Sutikto
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Pressure Plate ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Saturated Water Content ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Plate Apparatus

ABSTRACT This research was about determine the water content using the method of saturated water content that has been carried out and were suitable in Canada, However, this method needs to be tested for tropical regions such as in Jember. This present study aimed to determine the accuracy and characteristics of the empirical equations that used in determine the water content using the method of saturated water content in several classes of soil texture. Soil samples consist of the Raung Mountains, Argopuro Mountains, and Southern Mountains zones which are expected to represent several texture classes. The empirical equation is Yfc = a + b (xfc), to determine the water content in the field capacity condition, Yw = a + b (xw), to determine the water content in a permanent wilt point condition. The empirical equation for total available water is AT = Yfc - Yw. Based on the results of the study obtained a new equation from the results regression analysis of the saturated water content value with the measurements of Pressure Plate Apparatuse results, named Yfc = -2.4742 + 0.6551 (x) and Yw = -16.949 + 0.557 (x). From the equation, then determined total available water based on the Karkanis Equation and the New Equation. The appropriateness test of the method of saturated water content using Graph 1: 1 was carried out on each total available water data (Karkanis equation and new equation) which results showed that the method was invalid to be applied to the study location (R2 = 0.0239). Key words: Total Available Water, Soil Texture, Pressure Plate Apparatus, Saturated Water Content ABSTRAK Penelitian mengenai penetapan kandungan air menggunakan metode pengukuran kandungan air jenuh telah dilakukan di Canada hasilnya sesuai untuk daerah tersebut. Namun metode tersebut perlu diuji untuk daerah tropika seperti di Jember. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui akurasi dan karakteristik persamaan empiris yang digunakan dalam penetapan total air tersedia dengan metode kandungan air jenuh pada beberapa kelas tekstur tanah. Contoh tanah terdiri atas zona Pegunungan Raung, Pegunungan Argopuro, dan Pegunungan Selatan yang diharapkan mewakili beberapa kelas tekstur. Persamaan empiris yang digunakan adalah Yfc = a + b(xfc), untuk kandungan air kapasitas lapang, Yw = a +b(xw), untuk kandungan air titik layu permanen. Persamaan empiris untuk total air teredia yaitu AT = Yfc - Yw. Hasil dari penelitian diperoleh Persamaan Baru dari hasil analisis regresi nilai kandungan air jenuh dengan hasil pengukuran Pressure Plate Apparatuse yaitu Yfc = -2,4742 + 0,6551 (x) dan Yw = -16,949 + 0,557 (x). Dari persamaan tersebut kemudian ditentukan total air tersedia berdasarkan Persamaan Karkanis dan Persamaan Baru. Uji kelayakan metode pengukuran kandungan air jenuh dengan menggunakan Grafik 1:1 dilakukan pada masing-masing data total air tersedia (Persamaan Karkanis dan Persamaan baru) yang hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa metode tersebut tidak valid/sahih untuk diterapkan pada lokasi penelitian (R2 = 0,0239). Kata Kunci : Total Air Tersedia, Tekstur tanah, Pressure Plate Apparatus, Kandungan Air Jenuh.

scholarly journals Study on Water Absorption–Dehydration Characteristics for SAP Composite Soil for Rainwater Harvesting

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2380
Author(s):  
Youwei Qin ◽  
Tao Yang ◽  
Siyuan Wang ◽  
Fangling Hou ◽  
Pengfei Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Saturated Water Content ◽  
Cinnamon Soil

As a water absorption material, superabsorbent polymer (SAP) has gained its popularity in agriculture and environmental remediations. This study conducted a comparative investigation on saturated water content of cinnamon soil mixed with SAP. Two SAPs, SAP1 and SAP2, with different behaviors were tested, where SAP1 is an organic superabsorbent polymer, and SAP2 is polyacrylic acid sodium salt polymer. The saturated water content of SAP composite cinnamon soil was investigated with the weighing method. The repeated water absorption capacity and dehydration behavior of SAP composite soil under different designed rainfall intensity were investigated with a soil column tester. The results showed that (1) cinnamon soil mixed with SAP increased the saturated soil water content, and SAP1 was more effective than SAP2; (2) SAP held strong water absorption ability and recycling efficiency with eight repeated absorption–dehydration tests; (3) the average dehydration time for SAP composite soil were 626 h and 1214 h under 5-year and 10-year design rainfall intensities.

scholarly journals Effects of polyacrylamide molecular weight and mass concentration on water transport characteristics of iron tailings

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Sun ◽  
Chunjuan Lyu ◽  
Rutian Bi ◽  
Lu Xia ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Saturated Water Content

AbstractIron tailings have few macropores which severely inhibit infiltration and transport of soil water. Polyacrylamide (PAM) can regulate soil water, but it is rarely used when remediating tailings matrix. In this research, PAM of four molecular weights of 300w, 600w, 800w, and 1000w were selected as amendments, and were each applied at five mass concentrations of 0% (CK), 0.01%, 0.04%, 0.08%, and 0.16% to observe their effects on water transport in iron tailings using column simulations in the laboratory. After adding PAM, the water retention and saturated water content of iron tailings increased significantly (P < 0.05). With increases in PAM molecular weight and mass concentration, the saturated hydraulic conductivity showed a downward trend, but the saturated hydraulic conductivity increased after a dry–wet cycle. With the increase of PAM mass concentration, adding PAM of 1000w molecular weight to iron tailing decreased infiltration capacity, but treatments of other molecular weights all initially increased then decreased infiltration capacity. The greatest improvement on infiltration capacity of iron tailings was observed with the addition of PAM of 300w molecular weight and 0.01% mass concentration. Adding PAM increased the vertical depth of the saturation zone of iron tailings (P < 0.05) with a maximum depth of 20.83 cm. The Kostiakov model more accurately simulated water infiltration of iron tailings compared with the Horton and Philip models. On the whole, when PAM of low molecular weight and concentration was added to iron tailings, PAM increased stable infiltration, saturated water content, and water retention. It also inhibited saturated hydraulic conductivity of iron tailings. Therefore, in practice, it is necessary to select the appropriate molecular weight and mass concentration of PAM according to the dominant limiting factors and remediation needs of the matrix.

scholarly journals Soil water dynamics in drained and undrained meadows

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Vopravil ◽  
Pavel Formánek ◽  
Jaroslava Janků ◽  
Tomáš Khel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Saturated Water ◽  
Saturated Water Content

Tile drainage belongs to one of the most important meliorative measures in the Czech Republic. It has been hypothesised that it may improve some soil properties which are influenced by the groundwater and their water regime. In the case of meadows, the used management method may also influence the soil properties. In this study, different physical soil properties (particle and bulk density, total soil porosity, maximum capillary water capacity, minimum air capacity, water retention capacity and saturated water content, volumetric water content and matric potential) at depths of 15, 35 or 40 and 60 cm in differently managed meadows (drained versus undrained) located near the village of Železná in the Czech Republic (mildly cold, humid climatic region) were investigated. The drained meadow is used mainly for grazing (extensively) and the undrained meadow is mown twice a year. In addition, the actual evapotranspiration was estimated for the 2018 vegetation season. The selected physical soil properties were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) different between the experimental meadows, especially at depths of 0–28 versus 0–35 cm (particle and bulk density, total soil porosity, maximum capillary water capacity, water retention capacity and saturated water content) and 28–49 versus 35–45 cm (particle density, water retention capacity and saturated water content). In the case of all the studied soil depths, the volumetric water content and matric potential were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) different between the experimental meadows in the years 2016–2019. The actual evapotranspiration was also significantly different (P &lt; 0.05) between the meadows. The obtained differences in the measured soil properties and estimated actual evapotranspiration were probably influenced by the used tile drainage and also by the type of management of the meadow. It is necessary to obtain more research findings with respect to different types of management in the case of drained meadows and also undrained meadows to understand the role of both treatments (tile drainage, management).

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