Early history of asymmetric synthesis: who are the scientists who set up the basic principles and the first experiments?

Henri B. Kagan; Kovuru Gopalaiah

doi:10.1039/c1nj20216b

The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche

The Journal of African History ◽

10.1017/s0021853700011713 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 397-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. D. D. Newitt

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Eighteenth Century ◽

Sixteenth Century ◽

Indian Ocean ◽

Fifteenth Century ◽

Slave Trade ◽

Early History ◽

History Of ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

Set Up

The sultanate of Angoche on the Moçambique coast was founded probably towards the end of the fifteenth century by refugees from Kilwa. It became a base for Muslim traders who wanted to use the Zambezi route to the central African trading fairs and it enabled them to by-pass the Portuguese trade monopoly at Sofala. The Portuguese were not able to check this trade until they themselves set up bases on the Zambezi in the 1530s and 1540s, and from that time the sultanate began to decline. Internal dissensions among the ruling families led to the Portuguese obtaining control of the sultanate in the late sixteenth century, but this control was abandoned in the following century when the trade of the Angoche coast dwindled to insignificance. During the eighteenth century movements among the Macua peoples of the mainland and the development of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean laid the foundations for the revival of the sultanate in the nineteenth century.

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Competition and Collaboration in the Venetian Book World from 1469 to the Early Sixteenth Century

Annales Histoire Sciences Sociales (English edition) ◽

10.1017/ahsse.2020.6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 179-205

Author(s):

Catherine Kikuchi

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Book Industry ◽

State Regulation ◽

Early History ◽

Collaborative Networks ◽

Commercial Success ◽

History Of ◽

Book World ◽

Set Up ◽

Late Fifteenth

The early history of printing in Europe is one of great economic and commercial success, but also of significant risks taken by those involved. The supply of paper, essential to the functioning of a press, could cause conflicts and required constantly available capital: the profitability of the book industry depended on the growth of the market. In Venice, anyone could set up as a printer, creating competition that was strongly criticized by printers and booksellers in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. This prompted them to formulate the economic risks they faced in supplica addressed to the Venetian authorities, and to conceptualize the realities of their situation, especially in terms of competition. This word, always used in a pejorative sense, is nevertheless rare in both theoretical and practical documents of the time. However competitive this economic milieu was, it was counterbalanced by the necessity of collaboration, a phenomenon that can be studied through social network analysis. Trust was restored through the constitution of dense collaborative networks, in which competitors became partners. Yet this also enabled some actors to establish strong consortia, leading to the kind of oligopolistic economy typical of industries without state regulation.

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In Search of Identities in the Digital Humanities: The Early History of Humanist

Social Media Archeology and Poetics ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262034654.003.0014 ◽

2016 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julianne Nyhan

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Digital Humanities ◽

Early History ◽

International Seminar ◽

History Of Computing ◽

Social Media Platform ◽

Disciplinary Identity ◽

History Of ◽

Media Platform ◽

Set Up

Humanist is an online, international seminar on digital humanities that was set up in 1987 by Willard McCarty. Since its inception, it has taken the form of an electronic mailing list and, within the context of the history of computing in the humanities, can be viewed as a proto-social media platform. Newer and slicker social media and crowd-driven platforms may have come (and, in some cases, gone) but Humanist has endured. Indeed, it arguably remains digital humanities’ most vital locus of questioning, imagining and reflecting on and about itself and its many interdisciplinary intersections. In this paper, the author discusses conversations conducted via Humanist in its inaugural year in order to identify and analyze references to disciplinary identity. After focusing on the contradictions that emerge, she reflects on what they might reveal about longer-term dynamics of Digital Humanities’ disciplinary formation and emphasizes the value of Humanist archives in such research.

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Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130018 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1077

Author(s):

Robert M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Early History ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Reflected Light ◽

History Of ◽

Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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