Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumi Yoshida ◽  
Mihoko Mori ◽  
Tadao Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Color Development

scholarly journals Cloning and Functional Characterization of Dihydroflavonol 4-Reductase Gene Involved in Anthocyanidin Biosynthesis of Grape Hyacinth

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongli Liu ◽  
Qian Lou ◽  
Junren Ma ◽  
Beibei Su ◽  
Zhuangzhuang Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Flower Colour ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Color Development ◽  
High Preference ◽  
Grape Hyacinth

Grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.) is a popular ornamental plant with bulbous flowers noted for their rich blue color. Muscari species have been thought to accumulate delphinidin and cyanidin rather than pelargonidin-type anthocyanins because their dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) does not efficiently reduce dihydrokaempferol. In our study, we clone a novel DFR gene from blue flowers of Muscari. aucheri. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and anthocyanin analysis showed that the expression pattern of MaDFR had strong correlations with the accumulation of delphinidin, relatively weak correlations with cyanidin, and no correations with pelargonidin. However, in vitro enzymatic analysis revealed that the MaDFR enzyme can reduce all the three types of dihydroflavonols (dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, and dihydromyricetin), although it most preferred dihydromyricetin as a substrate to produce leucodelphinidin, the precursor of blue-hued delphinidin. This indicated that there may be other functional genes responsible for the loss of red pelargonidin-based pigments in Muscari. To further verify the substrate-specific selection domains of MaDFR, an assay of amino acid substitutions was conducted. The activity of MaDFR was not affected whenever the N135 or E146 site was mutated. However, when both of them were mutated, the catalytic activity of MaDFR was lost completely. The results suggest that both the N135 and E146 sites are essential for the activity of MaDFR. Additionally, the heterologous expression of MaDFR in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) resulted in increasing anthocyanin accumulation, leading to a darker flower color, which suggested that MaDFR was involved in color development in flowers. In summary, MaDFR has a high preference for dihydromyricetin, and it could be a powerful candidate gene for genetic engineering for blue flower colour modification. Our results also make a valuable contribution to understanding the basis of color variation in the genus Muscari.

scholarly journals Newly Elucidated Mechanism for Blue Flower Color Development

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tadao KONDO ◽  
Minoru UEDA ◽  
Kumi YOSHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Color Development

Structure of anthocyanin from the blue petals of Phacelia campanularia and its blue flower color development

2006 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 622-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihoko Mori ◽  
Tadao Kondo ◽  
Kenjiro Toki ◽  
Kumi Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Phacelia Campanularia

ChemInform Abstract: Newly Elucidated Mechanism for Blue Flower Color Development

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 27 (33) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
T. KONDO ◽  
M. UEDA ◽  
K. YOSHIDA
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Color Development

scholarly journals Transcriptomic Analysis of the Anthocyanin Biosynthetic Pathway Reveals the Molecular Mechanism Associated with Purple Color Formation in Dendrobium Nestor

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Xueqiang Cui ◽  
Jieling Deng ◽  
Changyan Huang ◽  
Xuan Tang ◽  
Xianmin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Color Formation ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Purple Coloration ◽  
Purple Color

Dendrobium nestor is a famous orchid species in the Orchidaceae family. There is a diversity of flower colorations in the Dendrobium species, but knowledge of the genes involved and molecular mechanism underlying the flower color formation in D. nestor is less studied. Therefore, we performed transcriptome profiling using Illumina sequencing to facilitate thorough studies of the purple color formation in petal samples collected at three developmental stages, namely—flower bud stage (F), half bloom stage (H), and full bloom stage (B) in D. nestor. In addition, we identified key genes and their biosynthetic pathways as well as the transcription factors (TFs) associated with purple flower color formation. We found that the phenylpropanoid–flavonoid–anthocyanin biosynthesis genes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase, chalcone synthase, anthocyanidin synthase, and UDP-flavonoid glucosyl transferase, were largely up-regulated in the H and B samples as compared to the F samples. This upregulation might partly account for the accumulation of anthocyanins, which confer the purple coloration in these samples. We further identified several differentially expressed genes related to phytohormones such as auxin, ethylene, cytokinins, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and abscisic acid, as well as TFs such as MYB and bHLH, which might play important roles in color formation in D. nestor flower. Sturdy upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes might be a potential regulatory mechanism in purple color formation in D. nestor flowers. Several TFs were predicted to regulate the anthocyanin genes through a K-mean clustering analysis. Our study provides valuable resource for future studies to expand our understanding of flower color development mechanisms in D. nestor.

Ferric ions involved in the flower color development of the Himalayan blue poppy, Meconopsis grandis

2006 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 992-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumi Yoshida ◽  
Sayoko Kitahara ◽  
Daisuke Ito ◽  
Tadao Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Ferric Ions ◽  
Color Development

Studies of haploid–diploid twins in flax (Linum usitatissimum)

1985 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice E. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Blue Flower ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Chromosomal Pairing ◽  
Haploid Embryos ◽  
Double Cross

The present study was designed to investigate the origin of twin seedlings in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). The twins were derived from crosses of high-twinning × nontwinning lines. The data presented were based on the following: (i) the morphology of twins in terms of variations in the position, orientation, and size of the twin embryos in the embryo sac and in the mature seed; (ii) the cytological interpretation of meiosis in the haploid and diploid member of F2 twins, and chromosomal pairing of the F3 diploid, triploid, and trisomic progeny obtained from crossing haploid × diploid F2 twins; and (iii) the genetic analysis of twinning frequencies, seed set by twins in single and double cross progenies, and the combinations of flower color phenotypes in F2 twins derived from blue flower × white flower crosses. The results, based on the survival rate of the haploid embryos, the cytological interpretation of meiosis, the fertility in the haploids, and in particular, the flower phenotype of twins in nine F2 families, support the hypothesis that the progenitors of the twin embryos are two-megaspore nuclei rather than one.Key words: flax twins.

scholarly journals Time-Series Transcriptome Sheds Light on Anthocyanin Metabolism and Species Diversification Between two Lonicera Japonica Thunb Cultivars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Li ◽  
Chenglin Ye ◽  
Jingxiao Ma ◽  
Ting Cheng ◽  
Yan Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Lonicera Japonica ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Three Stages

Abstract Background：‘Yujin 2’ is new variety of Lonicera japonica Thunb and its flower color can change from red to yellow; hence, it is a good model for investigating flower color development mechanisms. Results：High throughput transcriptome sequencing of seven flower development stages of Yujin No.2 was carried out, and 133,487 unigenes were annotated, among which 73,088 were differentially expressed. Then the real-time PCR analysis was carried out. Further, the number of up-regulated DEGs was higher than those that were down-regulated. Of these annotated DEGs, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis were active throughout the flowering process during each stage, whereas carotenoid biosynthesis was inactive in the S1-6 stages. Furthermore, phenylalanine synthesis was enhanced in the S1 phase; however, anthocyanin synthesis was weakened in the S5 and S6 phases, which may be consistent with the changes in petal color of ‘Yujin 2’ from red (S1) to white (S5) and gold (S6). The results showed that 114 unigenes were associated with anthocyanin metabolism, and 72 were significantly upregulated or downregulated. According to the analysis of TFs in anthocyanin metabolism, we obtained 47 transcription factors, which belonged to 18 families. The LjDFR, LjABCB1, LjMYC6, LjDDB2, and LjANS genes rapidly increased during the first three stages. However, only LjF3'5'H expression was significantly down-regulated at S5, which was consistent with anthocyanin accumulation. Conclusions：This study developed a transcriptome profile of flower color generation for L. japonica as well as annotated unigene sets of seven anthesis phases, thereby providing possibilities for improving the germplasm of L. japonica with genetic engineering technologies and cultivating new varieties of different colors.

scholarly journals Flower Color Development and Nano-science

2004 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumi Yoshida ◽  
Kin-ichi Oyama ◽  
Tadao Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Nano Science
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