A method for rapid reaction optimisation in continuous-flow microfluidic reactors using online Raman spectroscopic detection

The Analyst ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shee-Ann Leung ◽  
Richard F. Winkle ◽  
Robert C. R. Wootton ◽  
Andrew J. deMello
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
Rapid Reaction ◽  
Microfluidic Reactors

Rate of bicarbonate-chloride exchange in human red cells at 37 degrees C

1976 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Klocke
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Chloride Permeability ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Chloride Exchange ◽  
Rapid Reaction ◽  
Human Red Cells

The rate of exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions across the red cell membrane was studied in a continuous flow rapid reaction apparatus at 37 degrees C. A transmembrane gradient both ions was produced by mixture of cells suspended in a solution of one ion with an isosmotic solution of the other ion. Carbonic anhydrase activity was inhibited by acetazolamide to prevent changes in CO2 concentration during the experiments. Chloride and bicarbonate efflux from cells were studied in separate experiments at each experimental pH. Using a least squares technique, values of chloride and bicarbonate permeabilities were fitted to each pair of independent experiments. Chloride permeability averaged 1.1 (+/- 0.2 SD) X 10–4 cm/s and was not affected by change in pH. Recovered bicarbonate permeabilities varied widely, always remaining at least fivefold greater than chloride permeability. While bicarbonate permeability could not be accurately characterized, it appears to be greater than chloride permeability. Analysis of CO2 transfer with the estimated permeabilities indicates that the bicarbonate-chloride exchange by itself probably does not limit CO2 transfer.

Rate of the reaction of carbon dioxide with human red blood cells

1965 ◽  
Vol 208 (4) ◽  
pp. 801-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Constantine ◽  
Margot R. Craw ◽  
R. E. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Dehydration Reactions ◽  
Rapid Reaction ◽  
Bicarbonate Solutions ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Kinetics Of

A CO2 electrode was adapted for use in a continuous-flow rapid-reaction apparatus to measure the kinetics of the hydration-dehydration reactions of CO2. The dehydration constant of the reaction was found to be 80 sec–1 at 37 C. Red blood cell suspensions were mixed with bicarbonate solutions to alter suddenly the Pco2 around the cells from 42 to 57, and from 3 to 37 mm Hg. The velocity constants for the hydration of CO2 inside the cell were 236 and 772 sec–1, respectively, as compared with the uncatalyzed rate of 0.11 sec–1. These uninhibited rates are 0.16 and 0.54 the potential catalyzed rate in the cell, suggesting that some other process is rate limiting. In the presence of 0.25 g/liter acetazolamide, the velocity constants decreased to 28 and 65 sec–1, respectively.

scholarly journals Translation of microwave methodology to continuous flow for the efficient synthesis of diaryl ethers via a base-mediated SNAr reaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1360-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Wiles ◽  
Paul Watts
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Stopped Flow ◽  
Efficient Synthesis ◽  
Diaryl Ethers ◽  
Microwave Reactor ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Microreaction Technology ◽  
Snar Reaction ◽  
Rapid Reaction

Whilst microwave heating has been widely demonstrated as a synthetically useful tool for rapid reaction screening, a microwave-absorbing solvent is often required in order to achieve efficient reactant heating. In comparison, microreactors can be readily heated and pressurised in order to “super-heat” the reaction mixture, meaning that microwave-transparent solvents can also be employed. To demonstrate the advantages associated with microreaction technology a series of SNAr reactions were performed under continuous flow by following previously developed microwave protocols as a starting point for the investigation. By this approach, an automated microreaction platform (Labtrix® S1) was employed for the continuous flow synthesis of diaryl ethers at 195 °C and 25 bar, affording a reduction in reaction time from tens of minutes to 60 s when compared with a stopped-flow microwave reactor.

Biocatalysis in Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Reactors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco P. Cardoso Marques ◽  
Alvaro Lorente-Arevalo ◽  
Juan M. Bolivar
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Microfluidic Reactors

Continuous flow multi-stage microfluidic reactors via hydrodynamic microparticle railing

Lab on a Chip ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 4168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Sochol ◽  
Song Li ◽  
Luke P. Lee ◽  
Liwei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Microfluidic Reactors

3D-printed PEEK reactors and development of a complete continuous flow system for chemical synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 1300-1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Menzel ◽  
Thomas Klein ◽  
Thomas Ziegler ◽  
Jochen M. Neumaier
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Continuous Flow System ◽  
Polyether Ether Ketone ◽  
System P ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Ether Ketone ◽  
Microfluidic Reactors

This paper presents the development of milli- and microfluidic reactors made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and 3D-printed equipment for a complete continuous flow system.

Catalyst- and oxidant-free electrochemical para-selective hydroxylation of N-arylamides in batch and continuous-flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 6437-6443
Author(s):  
Cheng-Kou Liu ◽  
Meng-Yi Chen ◽  
Xin-Xin Lin ◽  
Zheng Fang ◽  
Kai Guo
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salt ◽  
Selective Hydroxylation

A catalyst-, oxidant-, acidic solvent- and quaternary ammonium salt-free electrochemical para-selective hydroxylation of N-arylamides at rt in batch and continuous-flow was developed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document