Simple procedure for the fabrication of silver/silver chloride potentiometric electrodes with micrometre and smaller dimensions: application to scanning electrochemical microscopy

The Analyst ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 889-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola J. Gray ◽  
Patrick R. Unwin
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Simple Procedure ◽  
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride ◽  
Potentiometric Electrodes ◽  
Electrochemical Microscopy

scholarly journals A Novel Highly Durable Carbon/Silver/Silver Chloride Composite Electrode for High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1962
Author(s):  
Lingjun Li ◽  
Guangli Li ◽  
Yuliang Cao ◽  
Yvonne Yanwen Duan
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Sintered Ag ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique, which has been widely used in the clinical intervention and treatment of neurological or psychiatric disorders. Sintered Ag/AgCl electrode has become a preferred candidate for HD-tDCS, but its service life is very short, especially for long-term anodal stimulation. To address this issue, a novel highly durable conductive carbon/silver/silver chloride composite (C/Ag/AgCl) electrode was fabricated by a facile cold rolling method. The important parameters were systematically optimized, including the conductive enhancer, the particle size of Ag powder, the C:Ag:PTFE ratio, the saline concentration, and the active substance loading. The CNT/Ag/AgCl-721 electrode demonstrated excellent specific capacity and cycling performance. Both constant current anodal polarization and simulated tDCS measurement demonstrated that the service life of the CNT/Ag/AgCl-721 electrodes was 15-16 times of that of sintered Ag/AgCl electrodes. The much longer service life can be attributed to the formation of the three-dimensional interpenetrating conductive network with CNT doping, which can maintain a good conductivity and cycling performance even if excessive non-conductive AgCl is accumulated on the surface during long-term anodal stimulation. Considering their low cost, long service life, and good skin tolerance, the proposed CNT/Ag/AgCl electrodes have shown promising application prospects in HD-tDCS, especially for daily life scenarios.

Thermodynamics of ionization of trans-crotonic and adipic acids in water; the silver – silver adipate electrode

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Upendra Nath Dash ◽  
Uttam Kumar Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Adipic Acid ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Ionization Constants ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
Liquid Junction ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Heat Capacity Changes ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride ◽  
Thermodynamics Of Ionization

The ionization constant, K, of trans-crotonic acid, and the first and second ionization constants, K1 and K2, of adipic acid have been determined in water at seven different temperatures ranging from 15 to 45 °C with the help of the cells without liquid junction using silver – silver chloride and quinhydrone electrodes. The variations of pK, pK1, and pK2 with temperature have been expressed by the equations[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]From the temperature coefficient of the ionization constants, the standard enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy, and heat capacity changes of the corresponding dissociation processes have been calculated. Using the values of ionization constants of adipic acid, the standard potential of the Ag(s)/Ag2Ad(s)/Ad2− electrode, and the related standard thermodynamic quantities for the electrode process[Formula: see text]have been calculated in water at those temperatures.

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