scholarly journals Protein-coding genes in B chromosomes of the grasshopper Eyprepocnemis plorans

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Navarro-Domínguez ◽  
Francisco J. Ruiz-Ruano ◽  
Josefa Cabrero ◽  
José María Corral ◽  
María Dolores López-León ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Eyprepocnemis Plorans ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Protein Coding Genes

scholarly journals Evolutionary success of a parasitic B chromosome rests on gene content

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Ruiz-Ruano ◽  
Beatriz Navarro-Domínguez ◽  
María Dolores López-León ◽  
Josefa Cabrero ◽  
Juan Pedro M. Camacho
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
B Chromosome ◽  
B Chromosomes ◽  
Anaphase Promoting Complex ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Similar Frequency ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Evolutionary Success

AbstractSupernumerary (B) chromosomes are dispensable genomic elements found in most kinds of eukaryotic genomes. Many show drive mechanisms that give them an advantage in transmission, but how they achieve it remains a mystery. The recent finding of protein-coding genes in B chromosomes has opened the possibility that their evolutionary success is based on their genetic content. Using a protocol based on mapping genomic DNA Illumina reads from B-carrying and B-lacking individuals on the coding sequences of de novo transcriptomes from the same individuals, we identified 25 protein-coding genes in the B chromosome of the migratory locust, 15 of which showed a full coding region. Remarkably, one of these genes (apc1) codes for the large subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C), an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the metaphase-anaphase transition. Sequence comparison of A and B chromosome gene paralogs showed that the latter show B-specific nucleotide changes, neither of which putatively impairs protein function. These nucleotide signatures allowed identifying B-derived transcripts in B-carrying transcriptomes, and demonstrated that they show about similar frequency as A-derived ones. Since B-carrying individuals show higher amounts of apc1 transcripts than B-lacking ones, the putatively higher amount of APC1 protein might induce a faster metaphase-anaphase transition in spite of orientation of the two B chromosome chromatids towards the same pole during metaphase, thus facilitating B chromosome non-disjunction. Therefore, apc1 is the first protein-coding gene uncovered in a B chromosome that might be responsible for B chromosome drive.Significance StatementThe genome of the migratory locust harbors a parasitic chromosome that arose about 2 million years ago. It is widespread in natural populations from Asia, Africa, Australia and Europe, i.e. all continents where this species lives. The secret for such an extraordinary evolutionary success is unveiled in this report, as B chromosomes in this species contain active protein-coding genes whose transcripts might interfere with gene expression in the host genome (the A chromosomes), thus facilitating B chromosome mitotic and meiotic drive to provide the transmission advantage which grants its success. One of the B-chromosomal genes (apc1) codes for the large subunit of the Anaphase Promoting Complex or Cyclosome (APC/C) whose expression might provide a mechanistic explanation for B chromosome drive.

Polyphyletic Origins of Schizothoracinae Fishes (Cyprinidae) in Respect to Their Mitochondrial Protein-Coding Genes

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saira Bibi ◽  
Muhammad Fiaz Khan ◽  
Aqsa Rehman ◽  
Faisal Nouroz
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Protein Coding Genes

Analysis of Inter-Chromosomal Distribution of Disease-Related Genes in Human Genome

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1068-1077
Author(s):  
Xiaochao Sun ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Qunye Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Chromosomal Distribution ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Single Chromosome ◽  
Deletion Mutations ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Disease Related Genes

: Many studies have shown that the spatial distribution of genes within a single chromosome exhibits distinct patterns. However, little is known about the characteristics of inter-chromosomal distribution of genes (including protein-coding genes, processed transcripts and pseudogenes) in different genomes. In this study, we explored these issues using the available genomic data of both human and model organisms. Moreover, we also analyzed the distribution pattern of protein-coding genes that have been associated with 14 common diseases and the insert/deletion mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms detected by whole genome sequencing in an acute promyelocyte leukemia patient. We obtained the following novel findings. Firstly, inter-chromosomal distribution of genes displays a nonstochastic pattern and the gene densities in different chromosomes are heterogeneous. This kind of heterogeneity is observed in genomes of both lower and higher species. Secondly, protein-coding genes involved in certain biological processes tend to be enriched in one or a few chromosomes. Our findings have added new insights into our understanding of the spatial distribution of genome and disease- related genes across chromosomes. These results could be useful in improving the efficiency of disease-associated gene screening studies by targeting specific chromosomes.

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