How types of premises modulate the typicality effect in category-based induction: diverging evidence from the P2, P3, and LPC effects

AbstractSome safety events do not stabilise in a coherent state, presenting with transient or intermittent features. Such dynamism may pose problems for human performance, especially if combined with non-typical stimuli that are rarely encountered in everyday work. This may explain undesirable pilot behaviour and could be an important cognitive factor in recent aircraft accidents. Sixty-five airline pilots tested a real-world typicality gradient, composed of two cockpit events, a typical event, and a non-typical event, across two different forms of dynamism, a stable, single system transition, and an unstable, intermittent system transition. We found that non-typical event stimuli elicited a greater number of response errors and incurred an increased response latency when compared to typical event stimuli, replicating the typicality effect. These performance deteriorations were amplified when a form of unstable system dynamism was introduced. Typical stimuli were unaffected by dynamism. This indicates that dynamic, non-typical events are problematic for pilots and may lead to poor event recognition and response. Typical is advantageous, even if dynamic. Manufacturers and airlines should evolve pilot training and crew procedures to take account of variety in event dynamics.

Download Full-text

Typicality Effect on Learning

10.1007/springerreference_302176 ◽

2012 ◽

Keyword(s):

Typicality Effect

Download Full-text

Effects of Chinese word structure on object categorization in Chinese–English bilinguals

Language and Cognition ◽

10.1017/langcog.2020.8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 468-500

Author(s):

XUAN PAN ◽

DEBRA JARED

Keyword(s):

English Word ◽

Object Categorization ◽

Chinese Word ◽

Linguistic Information ◽

Word Structure ◽

Category Information ◽

Verbal Labels ◽

Typicality Effect

ABSTRACTWe investigated how verbal labels affect object categorization in bilinguals. In English, most nouns do not provide linguistic clues to their categories (an exception is sunflower), whereas in Chinese, some nouns provide category information morphologically (e.g., 鸵鸟- ostrich and 知更鸟- robin have the morpheme鸟- bird in their Chinese names), while some nouns do not (e.g., 企鹅- penguin and 鸽子- pigeon). We examined the effect of Chinese word structure on bilinguals’ categorization processes in two ERP experiments. Chinese–English bilinguals and English monolinguals judged the membership of atypical (e.g., ostrich, penguin) vs. typical (e.g., robin, pigeon) pictorial (Experiment 1) and English word (Experiment 2) exemplars of categories (e.g., bird). English monolinguals showed typicality effects in RT data, and in the N300 and N400 of ERP data, regardless of whether the object name had a category cue in Chinese. In contrast, Chinese–English bilinguals showed a larger typicality effect for objects without category cues in their name than objects with cues, even when they were tested in English. These results demonstrate that linguistic information in bilinguals’ L1 has an effect on their L2 categorization processes. The findings are explained using the label-feedback hypothesis.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Frequency and Typicality Effect on Naming Performance in Turkish Individuals with Aphasia

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.10.084 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 70-71

Author(s):

M. Tunçer

Keyword(s):

Typicality Effect ◽

Naming Performance

Download Full-text

Typicality effect on holistic processing in face recognition.

The Japanese journal of psychology ◽

10.4992/jjpsy.72.64 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 64-68

Author(s):

Takeo Tsujii

Keyword(s):

Face Recognition ◽

Holistic Processing ◽

Typicality Effect

Download Full-text

Processing Verb Meanings and the Declarative/Procedural Model: A Developmental Study

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.714523 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Nicolas Stefaniak ◽

Véronique Baltazart ◽

Christelle Declercq

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Development ◽

Declarative Memory ◽

Procedural Memory ◽

Semantic Knowledge ◽

Memory System ◽

Developmental Study ◽

Sequential Processing ◽

Grammaticality Judgments ◽

Typicality Effect ◽

Verb Processing

According to the Declarative/Procedural Model, the lexicon depends on declarative memory while grammar relies on procedural memory. Furthermore, procedural memory underlies the sequential processing of language. Thus, this system is important for predicting the next item in a sentence. Verb processing represents a good candidate to test this assumption. Semantic representations of verbs include information about the protagonists in the situations they refer to. This semantic knowledge is acquired implicitly and used during verb processing, such that the processing of a verb preactivates its typical patients (e.g., the window for break). Thus, determining how the patient typicality effect appears during children’s cognitive development could provide evidence about the memory system that is dedicated to this effect. Two studies are presented in which French children aged 6–10 and adults made grammaticality judgments on 80 auditorily presented sentences. In Experiment 1, the verb was followed by a typical patient or by a less typical patient. In Experiment 2, grammatical sentences were constructed such that the verb was followed either by a typical patient or by a noun that could not be a patient of that verb. The typicality effect occurs in younger children and is interpreted in terms of developmental invariance. We suggest that this effect may depend on procedural memory, in line with studies that showed that meaning is necessary to allow procedural memory to learn the sequence of words in a sentence.

Download Full-text