scholarly journals Constitutive cyclic GMP accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana compromises systemic acquired resistance induced by an avirulent pathogen by modulating local signals

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamshaid Hussain ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Vittoria Locato ◽  
Wilma Sabetta ◽  
Smrutisanjita Behera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Redox System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Transgenic Lines ◽  
Defence Responses

Abstract The infection of Arabidopsis thaliana plants with avirulent pathogens causes the accumulation of cGMP with a biphasic profile downstream of nitric oxide signalling. However, plant enzymes that modulate cGMP levels have yet to be identified, so we generated transgenic A. thaliana plants expressing the rat soluble guanylate cyclase (GC) to increase genetically the level of cGMP and to study the function of cGMP in plant defence responses. Once confirmed that cGMP levels were higher in the GC transgenic lines than in wild-type controls, the GC transgenic plants were then challenged with bacterial pathogens and their defence responses were characterized. Although local resistance was similar in the GC transgenic and wild-type lines, differences in the redox state suggested potential cross-talk between cGMP and the glutathione redox system. Furthermore, large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic analysis highlighted the significant modulation of both gene expression and protein abundance at the infection site, inhibiting the establishment of systemic acquired resistance. Our data indicate that cGMP plays a key role in local responses controlling the induction of systemic acquired resistance in plants challenged with avirulent pathogens.

scholarly journals Oxidative burst: an early plant response to pathogen infection

1997 ◽  
Vol 322 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław WOJTASZEK
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Oxidative Burst ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Hypersensitive Cell Death ◽  
Oxidase System ◽  
Defence Responses

As plants are confined to the place where they grow, they have to develop a broad range of defence responses to cope with pathogenic infections. The oxidative burst, a rapid, transient, production of huge amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is one of the earliest observable aspects of a plant's defence strategy. First this Review describes the chemistry of ROS (superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical). Secondly, the role of ROS in defence responses is demonstrated, and some important issues are considered, such as: (1) which of the ROS is a major building element of the oxidative burst; (2) the spatial and temporal regulation of the oxidative burst; and (3) differences in the plant's responses to biotic and abiotic elicitation. Thirdly, the relationships between the oxidative burst and other plant defence responses are indicated. These include: (1) an oxygen consumption, (2) the production of phytoalexins, (3) systemic acquired resistance, (4) immobilization of plant cell wall proteins, (5) changes in membrane permeability and ion fluxes and (6) a putative role in hypersensitive cell death. Wherever possible, the comparisons with models applicable to animal systems are presented. Finally, the question of the origin of ROS in the oxidative burst is considered, and two major hypotheses, (1) the action of NADPH oxidase system analogous to that of animal phagocytes, and (2) the pH-dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide by a cell wall peroxidase, are presented. On the basis of this material, a third ‘unifying’ hypothesis is presented, where transient changes in the pH of the cell wall compartment are indicated as a core phenomenon in evoking ROS production. Additionally, a germin/oxalate oxidase system which generates H2O2 in response to pathogenic infection is also described.

scholarly journals Effect of Benzothiadiazole on Transmission of X-Disease Phytoplasma by the Vector Colladonus montanus to Arabidopsis thaliana, a New Experimental Host Plant

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1121-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Bressan ◽  
Alexander H. Purcell
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Phytoplasma Infection ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Colladonus montanus (Van Duzee), a leafhopper vector of X-disease phytoplasma (Xp), efficiently transmitted the pathogen to Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia wild type. During transmission trials, the phytoplasma was inoculated into 22-, 34-, and 40-day-old plants. Phytoplasma infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers specific for Xp Symptoms in Xp-positive A. thaliana were overall stunting and reduced or no fruit (silques). All symptom-free plants were PCR negative. Leafhopper nymphs free of Xp that fed on diseased A. thaliana acquired and transmitted Xp to celery plants, a diagnostic host, causing typical X-disease symptoms. Foliar spray applications of the plant resistance elicitor benzothiadiazole (BTH) to A. thaliana 1 week before phytoplasma inoculation significantly reduced phytoplasma infection, ranging from an infection rate of 73.7% for untreated plants to 50 and 35% for plants treated with 1.2 and 4.8 mM BTH, respectively. Vector leafhoppers survival was significantly reduced on BTH-treated A. thaliana compared with leafhoppers on nontreated plants, suggesting that systemic acquired resistance in this plant may have some detrimental effect on the leafhopper C. montanus.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis thaliana FLOWERING LOCUS D Is Required for Systemic Acquired Resistance

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1079-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayata Singh ◽  
Shweta Roy ◽  
Mrunmay Kumar Giri ◽  
Ratnesh Chaturvedi ◽  
Zulkarnain Chowdhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Epistasis Analysis ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Systemic Accumulation

Localized infection in plants often induces systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which provides long-term protection against subsequent infections. A signal originating in the SAR-inducing organ is transported to the distal organs, where it stimulates salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and priming, a mechanism that results in more robust activation of defenses in response to subsequent pathogen infection. In recent years, several metabolites that promote long-distance SAR signaling have been identified. However, the mechanism or mechanisms by which plants perceive and respond to the SAR signals are largely obscure. Here, we show that, in Arabidopsis thaliana, the FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) is required for responding to the SAR signals leading to the systemic accumulation of SA and enhancement of disease resistance. Although the fld mutant was competent in accumulating the SAR-inducing signal, it was unable to respond to the SAR signal that accumulates in petiole exudates of wild-type leaves inoculated with a SAR-inducing pathogen. Supporting FLD's role in systemic SAR signaling, we observed that dehydroabietinal and azelaic acid, two metabolites that, in wild-type plants, promote SAR-associated systemic accumulation of SA and priming, respectively, were unable to promote SAR in the fld mutant. FLD also participates in flowering, where it functions to repress expression of the flowering repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). However, epistasis analysis indicates that FLD's function in SAR is independent of FLC.

scholarly journals Activation of Local and Systemic Defence Responses by Flg22 Is Dependent on Daytime and Ethylene in Intact Tomato Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8354
Author(s):  
Zalán Czékus ◽  
András Kukri ◽  
Kamirán Áron Hamow ◽  
Gabriella Szalai ◽  
Irma Tari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Ethylene Response Factor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Defence Responses

The first line of plant defence responses against pathogens can be induced by the bacterial flg22 and can be dependent on various external and internal factors. Here, we firstly studied the effects of daytime and ethylene (ET) using Never ripe (Nr) mutants in the local and systemic defence responses of intact tomato plants after flg22 treatments. Flg22 was applied in the afternoon and at night and rapid reactions were detected. The production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide was induced by flg22 locally, while superoxide was induced systemically, in wild type plants in the light period, but all remained lower at night and in Nr leaves. Flg22 elevated, locally, the ET, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) levels in the light period; these levels did not change significantly at night. Expression of Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1), Ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) and Defensin (DEF) showed also daytime- and ET-dependent changes. Enhanced ERF1 and DEF expression and stomatal closure were also observable in systemic leaves of wild type plants in the light. These data demonstrate that early biotic signalling in flg22-treated leaves and distal ones is an ET-dependent process and it is also determined by the time of day and inhibited in the early night phase.

scholarly journals NIM1 Overexpression in Arabidopsis Potentiates Plant Disease Resistance and Results in Enhanced Effectiveness of Fungicides

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 1114-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Friedrich ◽  
Kay Lawton ◽  
Robert Dietrich ◽  
Michael Willits ◽  
Rebecca Cade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Rapid Induction ◽  
Dependent Signal

The NIM1 (for noninducible immunity, also known as NPR1) gene is required for the biological and chemical activation of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of NIM1 in wild-type plants (hereafter referred to as NIM1 plants or lines) results in varying degrees of resistance to different pathogens. Experiments were performed to address the basis of the enhanced disease resistance responses seen in the NIM1 plants. The increased resistance observed in the NIM1 lines correlated with increased NIM1 protein levels and rapid induction of PR1 gene expression, a marker for SAR induction in Arabidopsis, following pathogen inoculation. Levels of salicylic acid (SA), an endogenous signaling molecule required for SAR induction, were not significantly increased compared with wild-type plants. SA was required for the enhanced resistance in NIM1 plants, however, suggesting that the effect of NIM1 overexpression is that plants are more responsive to SA or a SA-dependent signal. This hypothesis is supported by the heightened responsiveness that NIM1 lines exhibited to the SAR-inducing compound benzo(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-car-bothioic acid S-methyl ester. Furthermore, the increased efficacy of three fungicides was observed in the NIM1 plants, suggesting that a combination of transgenic and chemical approaches may lead to effective and durable disease-control strategies.

scholarly journals Conserved structure of the NPR1 gene distal promoter isolated from a chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in West Sumatera

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Jamsari Jamsari ◽  
Maythesya Oktavioni ◽  
Bastian Nova ◽  
Ifan Aulia Candra ◽  
Alfi Asben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Promoter Sequence ◽  
Chili Pepper ◽  
Reference Sequence ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Silencer Elements ◽  
Distal Promoter

Background: The non-expressor of pathogenesis related gene 1 (NPR1) protein is one of the key regulators in the systemic acquired resistance plant defence system. The cis-acting elements of its distal promoter gene are characterized by salicylic acid inducing elements such as the W-box, RAV1AAT and ASF1, accompanied with enhancer and silencer elements. This study was aimed to isolate and characterize the distal promoter sequence of the NPR1 gene (PD_CbNPR1) from the chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotype Berangkai, a local genotype known to produce large yields, but is susceptible to viral infection. Elucidating its sequence structure will open a broad range of possibilities to engineer the NPR1 gene expression which is important to improve chili pepper resistant. Methods: PCR-based cloning combined with a primer walking strategy was applied in this study. The BioEdit tool was used to edit the sequence and verify sequence integrity, while homology analysis was conducted with BLASTn searching. Identification of a cis-acting element was detected by PLACE. Results: Isolation of the complete distal promoter sequence of PD_CbNPR1 produced a fragment 5,950 bp in size. BLASTn search analysis indicated that PD_CbNPR1 sequence is highly conserved (99% homology) showing only a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (base substitution) compared with its reference sequence. Analysis using PLACE tools successfully identified nine cis-acting elements containing a W-box, WLE1, RAV1AAT, TATA-box, CAAT-box, GARE and GT1 with multi repeats and diverse motives, as well as enhancer and silencer elements, which is characterized by a CCAAT-box and GAGAAATT pattern, respectively. Conclusion: The distal promoter of the NPR1 gene is highly conserved, showing only one SNP caused by one base substitution event.

Large-scale stage-specific regulation of gene expression during host–pathogen interactions in CSP44 bread wheat carrying APR gene Lr48

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neelu Jain ◽  
Sushma Rani ◽  
Chanchal Sharma ◽  
Nivedita Sinha ◽  
Anupam Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Triticina ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Specific Regulation

Genome-wide transcriptome analysis was undertaken in a leaf-rust resistant bread wheat line CSP44 (selected from Australian cv. Condor) carrying the adult plant resistance (APR) gene Lr48. Two pre-adult plant (P-AP) susceptible stages (S48 and S96) and two adult plant (AP) resistant stages (R48 and R96) were used for RNA-seq. At the susceptible P-AP stage (during S48 to S96), expression increased in 2062 genes, and declined in 130 genes; 1775 of 2062 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) also exhibited high expression during early incompatible stage R48. Comparison of S96 with R96 showed that the expression of 80 genes was enhanced and that of 208 genes declined at the AP stage. At the resistant AP stage (during R48 to R96), expression of mere 25 genes increased and that of 126 genes declined. Apparently, the resistance during late adult stage (R96) is caused by regulation of the expression of relatively fewer genes, although at pre-adult stage (S48 to S96), expression of large number of genes increased; expression of majority of these genes kept on increasing during adult stage at R48 also. These and other results of the present study suggest that APR may mimic some kind of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The host-specific DEGs belonged to 10 different classes including genes involved in defence, transport, epigenetics, photosynthesis, genes encoding some transcription factors etc. The pathogen (Puccinia triticina) specific DEGs (including three genes encoding known biotrophic effectors) seem to help the pathogen in infection/growth through large-scale stage-specific enhanced expression of host’s genes. A putative candidate gene for Lr48 containing protein kinase domain (its ortholog in rice encoding OsWAK8) was also identified.

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