scholarly journals Chemo-Mechanical Characteristics of Mud Formed from Environmental Dust Particles in Humid Ambient Air

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghassan Hassan ◽  
B. S. Yilbas ◽  
Syed A. M. Said ◽  
N. Al-Aqeeli ◽  
Asif Matin
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Dust Particles

scholarly journals The Impact of Ambient Atmospheric Mineral-Dust Particles on the Calcification of Lungs

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Mariola Jabłońska ◽  
Janusz Janeczek ◽  
Beata Smieja-Król
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Amorphous Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

For the first time, it is shown that inhaled ambient air-dust particles settled in the human lower respiratory tract induce lung calcification. Chemical and mineral compositions of pulmonary calcium precipitates in the lung right lower-lobe (RLL) tissues of 12 individuals who lived in the Upper Silesia conurbation in Poland and who had died from causes not related to a lung disorder were determined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Whereas calcium salts in lungs are usually reported as phosphates, calcium salts precipitated in the studied RLL tissue were almost exclusively carbonates, specifically Mg-calcite and calcite. These constituted 37% of the 1652 mineral particles examined. Mg-calcite predominated in the submicrometer size range, with a MgCO3 content up to 50 mol %. Magnesium plays a significant role in lung mineralization, a fact so far overlooked. The calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) content in the studied RLL tissue was negligible. The predominance of carbonates is explained by the increased CO2 fugacity in the RLL. Carbonates enveloped inhaled mineral-dust particles, including uranium-bearing oxides, quartz, aluminosilicates, and metal sulfides. Three possible pathways for the carbonates precipitation on the dust particles are postulated: (1) precipitation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), followed by its transformation to calcite; (2) precipitation of Mg-ACC, followed by its transformation to Mg-calcite; (3) precipitation of Mg-free ACC, causing a localized relative enrichment in Mg ions and subsequent heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth of Mg-calcite. The actual number of inhaled dust particles may be significantly greater than was observed because of the masking effect of the carbonate coatings. There is no simple correlation between smoking habit and lung calcification.

scholarly journals Ambient Air Quality Measurement with Low-Cost Optical and Electrochemical Sensors: An Evaluation of Continuous Year-Long Operation

Environments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Jiří Bílek ◽  
Ondřej Bílek ◽  
Petr Maršolek ◽  
Pavel Buček
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Concentration Changes ◽  
The Impact

Sensor technology is attractive to the public due to its availability and ease of use. However, its usage raises numerous questions. The general trustworthiness of sensor data is widely discussed, especially with regard to accuracy, precision, and long-term signal stability. The VSB-Technical University of Ostrava has operated an air quality sensor network for more than two years, and its large sets of valid results can help in understanding the limitations of sensory measurement. Monitoring is focused on the concentrations of dust particles, NO2, and ozone to verify the impact of newly planted greenery on the reduction in air pollution. The sensor network currently covers an open field on the outskirts of Ostrava, between Liberty Ironworks and the nearby ISKO1650 monitoring station, where some of the worst air pollution levels in the Czech Republic are regularly measured. In the future, trees should be allowed to grow over the sensors, enabling assessment of the green barrier effect on air pollution. As expected, the service life of the sensors varies from 1 to 3 years; therefore, checks are necessary both prior to the measurement and regularly during operation, verifying output stability and overall performance. Results of the PMx sensory measurements correlated well with the reference method. Concentration values measured by NO2 sensors correlated poorly with the reference method, although timeline plots of concentration changes were in accordance. We suggest that a comparison of timelines should be used for air quality evaluations, rather than particular values. The results showed that the sensor measurements are not yet suitable to replace the reference methods, and dense sensor networks proved useful and robust tools for indicative air quality measurements (AQM).

scholarly journals The Impact of Ambient Atmospheric Mineral-Dust Particles on the Calcification of Lungs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariola Jablonska ◽  
Janusz Janeczek ◽  
Beata Smieja-Król
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Amorphous Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

For the first time, it is shown that inhaled ambient air-dust particles settled in the human lower respiratory tract induce lung calcification. Chemical- and mineral compositions of pulmonary calcium precipitates in the lung right lower-lobe (RLL) tissues of 12 individuals who lived in Upper Silesia Conurbation in Poland and who had died from causes not related to lung disorder were determined by transmission- and scanning electron microscopy. Whereas calcium salts in lungs are usually reported as phosphates, calcium salts precipitated in RLL are almost exclusively carbonates, i.e. Mg-calcite and calcite. These constitute 37% of 1652 mineral particles examined. Mg-calcite predominates in the submicron size range with the MgCO3 content up to 50 mol%. Magnesium plays a significant role in the lung mineralization, a fact so far overlooked. The calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite) content in RLL is negligible. The predominance of carbonates is explained by increased CO2 fugacity in RLL. Carbonates enveloped inhaled mineral-dust particles, including uranium-bearing oxides, quartz, aluminosilicates, and metal sulfides. Three possible pathways for the carbonates precipitation on the dust particles are postulated: (1) precipitation of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) followed by its transformation to calcite; (2) precipitation of Mg-ACC followed by its transformation to Mg-calcite; (3) precipitation of Mg-free ACC causing a localized relative enrichment in Mg ions and subsequent heterogeneous nucleation and crystal growth of Mg-calcite. The actual number of inhaled dust particles may be significantly greater than observed because of the masking effect of the carbonate coatings. There is no simple correlation between smoking habit and lung calcification.

A Chronic Inhalation Toxicity Study of Diesel Engine Emissions and Coal Dust, Alone and Combined

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Lewis ◽  
F. H.Y. Green ◽  
W. J. Moorman ◽  
J. R. Burg ◽  
D. W. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Exhaust ◽  
Coal Dust ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Diesel Particulate ◽  
Diesel Engine Emissions

To evaluate the potential health hazards of diesel engine emissions in underground coal mines, inhalation studies were performed using three species of animals. A wide range of toxicological responses was measured. Exhaust was provided by a 425 in.3 displacement four-cycle, water-cooled, naturally aspirated diesel engine (Caterpillar Model 3304) equipped with a water scrubber. Exposures were 7 h/day, 5 days/week, for periods up to 24 months. Micronized coal dust was generated using a Wright dust feeder. Four exposures were evaluated: (1) filtered ambient air, (2) 2 mg/m3 diesel particulate, (3) 2 mg/m3 respirable coal dust, and (4) 1 mg/m3 each of 2 and 3. Gaseous and vapor concentrations were similar in both exposures employing diesel exhaust. Male cynomolgus monkeys, Fischer-344 male and female rats, and female CD-1 mice were the experimental subjects. Monkeys were sacrificed at 24 months, rats at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, and mice at 1, 3, and 6 months. Gross morphology and histopathology demonstrated that both diesel and coal dust particles are deposited in the lungs and retained in alveolar tissue. Alveolar type II cell hyperplasia and pulmonary lipidosis occurred in rats, being most evident in rats exposed to diesel exhaust alone. There was, however, no evidence of emphysema or chronic bronchitis, and only minimal fibrosis was seen in association with the retained particulate. Both particulates affected the defense mechanisms of the lung. Exposure to coal dust activated responses associated with phagocytosis, whereas exposure to diesel exhaust depressed them. Severity of influenza challenge increased concomitantly with decreased interferon production in diesel-exposed mice. Exposure to diesel emissions did not result in genotoxic effects as measured by increases in sister chromatid exchange, chromosomal aberrations, micronucleus testing, and urine genotoxic assays. Pulmonary function studies in monkeys showed mild obstructive airway disease in coal dust, diesel exhaust, and the combined exposed animals. This effect was most pronounced in monkeys exposed to diesel exhaust. Evidence of restrictive lung disease was not seen in any group. Clearance of F3O4 particles appeared to be stimulated by exposure to diesel exhaust in the first 3 months, but long-term clearance of diesel particulate appeared to be inhibited. No evidence was found for increases in tumorogenicity (rats) or induction of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the lung or liver (rats). Humoral and cellular immunities were not significantly affected by exposure (rats). No adverse seminal effects were observed in monkeys exposed for 2 years. There was no frank evidence of chronic toxicity as demonstrated by changes in mortality, body weight gains, organ-body weight ratios, or clinical parameters in rats or monkeys. Synergistic effects between diesel exhaust and coal dust were not demonstrated.

scholarly journals Air Pollution and Lung Capacity of People Living around the Cement Industry

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Erwin Azizi Jayadipraja ◽  
Anwar Daud ◽  
Alimuddin Hamzah Assegaf ◽  
Maming
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lung Capacity

Backgrounds: A cement industry is one of anthropogenic sources of air pollution. In polluting the air, the industry creates some dust particles, nitrogen oxide (NO2), sulfur oxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO).Research Purpose: The research aims at finding out the ambient air quality around a cement industry and relating it with the lung capacity of people living around the area.Methodology: This research uses cross sectional studies by measuring the ambient air quality in the morning, noon, and evening in four different settlements within 3 km from the cement industry. The measurement is then correlated with the FEV1 and FVC of lung capacity of people living around the area.Result: Of all four locations, three have ambient air quality (PM2.5 = 109.47 µg/Nm3, TSP = 454.7 µg/Nm3) that surpass the quality standard (PM2.5 = 65 µg/Nm3, TSP = 230 µg/Nm3). Of 241 respondents, the average level of FVC and FEV1 is respectively 1.9352 liter (SD: 0.45578) and 1.7486 liter (SD: 0.43874). Furthermore, the level of PM2.5 in the morning and at noon is respectively p=0.009 and p=0.003; the level of TSP in the morning and at noon is respectively p=0.003 and p=0.01; the level of NO2 in the morning is p=0.006; the level of SO2 in the morning, at noon and in the evening is respectively p=0.000, p=0.022, and p=0.000; and the level of CO in the morning, at noon and in the evening is respectively p=0.003, p=0.015, and p=0.024. Those levels are associated with the level of respondents’ FEV1. Moreover, the level of TSP in the morning is p=0.024; the level of SO2 in the morning and in the evening is p=0.007. These levels relate to the level of respondents’ FVC.Keywords: FVC, FEV1, CO, NO2, SO2, TSP, PM2.5, cement industry. 

scholarly journals Analysis of Ambient Air Quality Conditions of TSP Parameters and Its Source in Temon District

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 02009
Author(s):  
Tozan Ajie Ronowijoyo ◽  
Muhammad Arief Budiharjo ◽  
Sri Sumiyati
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Ambient Air Quality ◽  
Pollutant Sources ◽  
Primary Pollutant

Air pollution as dust particles (TSP) is produced by nature or human activities. Some human activities that produce TSP include transportation and industrial activities. High TSP concentrations can cause disturbances ranging from visual disturbances to health problems. Temon District, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region Province is the location of Yogyakarta International Airport, so it is necessary to know the current ambient air quality, especially TSP and its source. This article shows the level of TSP concentration in the Temon District area and its sources. The analysis is done by linking the concentration of the TSP to the traffic volume and road condition. In Temon District, the level of TSP concentration ranges from 22 - 70.2 µg/m³. Traffic volume ranges from 1,720 - 2,099 passenger car unit (pcu)/hour in intersection and 19.51 -565.79 pcu/hour in the roads section. Road conditions start from very bad to good. In general, TSP parameters are still in good condition and do not cause health problems. Primary pollutant sources come from traffic and secondary pollutant sources come from road conditions

Effects of Ultra High Speed Floor Burnishing on Air Quality in Health Care Facilities

1986 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 501-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Schmidt ◽  
Bernard M. Cannan ◽  
Richard C. Mulhall ◽  
David L. Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Airborne Dust ◽  
Quality In Health Care ◽  
Ultra High Speed ◽  
Care Facilities

AbstractEffects of ultra high speed (UHS) floor burnishing upon air quality in health care facilities were evaluated. A 2,000-rpm burnisher can disseminate high-velocity (190 km/hr) dust and microbial particles. A UHS burnisher used with either inadequate or no air restraint produced significant increases (P<0.05) in the levels of airborne dust particles and microorganisms. A UHS burnisher equipped with an air restraint assembly specifically designed for use in health care facilities produced no significant increase (P>0.05) in the levels of airborne dust particles or microorganisms when compared to ambient air levels. The types and distribution of airborne microorganisms isolated from microbial air samples were not unusual nor were they directly influenced by the floor burnishing processes. Furthermore, the UHS floor burnishing process produced a significant reduction (P<0.05 ) in microbial floor contaminants (96%). When the use of UHS floor burnishing is contemplated for productivity improvement and esthetic enhancement, the possible adverse effects on air quality should also be considered.

scholarly journals Modern possibilities ofair pollution estimation by pig industryenterprises

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
O.I. Turos ◽  
Ye.G. Slautenko ◽  
A.A. Petrosian ◽  
V.V. Morguleva
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Odor Threshold ◽  
Chemical Substances ◽  
Protection Zones ◽  
Pig Farms

The main problem of pig farms in Ukraine is the mismatch of their capacity to the actual size of the sanitary protection zones, which leads to the risk of negative influence of odor pollution on the health of the population living in nearby settlements. The purpose of the study was to comprehensively assess the pollution of ambient air by emissions from pig breeding complexes containing dust particles and chemicals with pronounced odor properties. The research was conducted between 2012 and 2015 and covered the activities of 14 modern medium and high capacity pig farms. In the course of the study, natural measurements of ambient air pollution were carried out and materials of sanitary and epidemiological examination of these enterprises were examined. Within the framework of the pilot project, a survey of the local population was carried out and a mathematical model of the concentrations of the investigated chemical substances in the surface layer of the atmosphere was calculated, based on data on the odor threshold for these substances. The discrepancy between the existing dimensions of the protection zones of pig complexes and their production capacities was established, while the concentrations of the investigated substances in the air were not exceeded. Out of 126 respondents, 72% complain of a periodic deterioration in their health, which they associate with the pig complex. At mathematical modeling with averaging in 24 hours the excess of a threshold of a smell of hydrogen sulphide (2,8 times) and methylmercaptan (in 2,6 times) is found out. Conclusions are made about the prospects of the method of mathematical modeling of the distribution of chemical substances in ambient air, taking into account their odor threshold.

scholarly journals Association with Ambient Air Pollutants and School Absence Due to Sickness in Schoolchildren: A Case-Crossover Study in a Provincial Town of Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6631
Author(s):  
Masanari Watanabe ◽  
Hisashi Noma ◽  
Jun Kurai ◽  
Kazuhiro Kato ◽  
Hiroyuki Sano
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Desert Sand ◽  
Ambient Air Pollutants ◽  
Case Crossover ◽  
Sand Dust

The effect of ambient air pollutants and Asian dust (AD) on absence from school due to sickness has not been well researched. By conducting a case-crossover study, this study investigated the influence of ambient air pollutants and desert sand dust particles from East Asia on absence from school due to sickness. From November 2016 to July 2018, the daily cases of absence due to sickness were recorded in five elementary schools in Matsue, Japan. During the study period, a total of 16,915 absence cases were recorded, which included 4865 fever cases and 2458 cough cases. The relative risk of overall absence in a 10-μg/m3 increment of PM2.5 and a 0.1-km−1 of desert sand dust particles from East Asia were found with 1.28 (95%CI: 1.15–1.42) and 2.15 (1.04–4.45) at lag0, respectively. The significant influence of PM2.5 persisted at lag5 and that of desert sand dust particles at lag2. NO2 had statistically significant effects at lag2, lag3, and lag4. However, there was no evidence of a positive association of Ox and SO2 with absence from school. These results suggested that PM2.5, NO2, and AD increased the risk of absence due to sickness in schoolchildren.

scholarly journals Trends of road dust emissions contributions on ambient air particulate levels at rural, urban and industrial sites in southern Spain

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 3533-3544 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Amato ◽  
A. Alastuey ◽  
J. de la Rosa ◽  
Y. Gonzalez Castanedo ◽  
A. M. Sánchez de la Campa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Dust ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Southern Spain ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Urban Background ◽  
Carbonaceous Particles ◽  
Dust Emissions ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The impact of road dust emissions on PM10 and PM2.5 (atmospheric particulate matter with diameteer < 10 μm and 2.5 μm mass concentrations recorded from 2003 to 2010 at 11 locations (rural, urban and industrial) in southern Spain was estimated based on the chemical characterization of PM and the use of a constrained Positive Matrix Factorization, where the chemical profile of local road dust samples is used as a priori knowledge. Results indicate that road dust increased PM10 levels on average by 21–35% at traffic sites, 29–34% at urban background sites heavily affected by road traffic emissions, 17–22% at urban-industrial sites and 9–22% at rural sites. Road dust contributions to ambient PM levels show a marked seasonality with maxima in summer and minima in winter, likely due to the rainfall frequency. Decreasing concentration trends over the sampling years were found at some traffic and urban sites but in most cases the decreases were less significant than for vehicle exhaust emissions, while concentrations increased at industrial sites, probably due to local peculiarities. Concerning PM2.5, road dust contributions were lower than in PM10, as expected but still important (21–31%, 11–31%, 6–16% and 7% for traffic, urban background, urban-industrial and rural sites, respectively). In addition the three main sources of road dust (carbonaceous particles, brake wear and road wear/mineral) were identified and their contributions to road dust mass loadings estimated, supporting the idea that air quality managers should drive measures aimed at preventing the build-up of road dust particles on roads.

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