scholarly journals Invasion Expansion: Time since introduction best predicts global ranges of marine invaders

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Byers ◽  
Rachel S. Smith ◽  
James M. Pringle ◽  
Graeme F. Clark ◽  
Paul E. Gribben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expansion Time ◽  
Time Since Introduction

Medicaid Expansion and Incidence of Kidney Failure among Nonelderly Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. ASN.2020101511
Author(s):  
Rebecca Thorsness ◽  
Shailender Swaminathan ◽  
Yoojin Lee ◽  
Benjamin D. Sommers ◽  
Rajnish Mehrotra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Kidney Failure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Medicaid Expansion ◽  
Expansion Time ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Medicaid Expansions

BackgroundLow-income individuals without health insurance have limited access to health care. Medicaid expansions may reduce kidney failure incidence by improving access to chronic disease care.MethodsUsing a difference-in-differences analysis, we examined the association between Medicaid expansion status under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and the kidney failure incidence rate among all nonelderly adults, aged 19–64 years, in the United States, from 2012 through 2018. We compared changes in kidney failure incidence in states that implemented Medicaid expansions with concurrent changes in nonexpansion states during pre-expansion, early postexpansion (years 2 and 3 postexpansion), and later postexpansion (years 4 and 5 postexpansion).ResultsThe unadjusted kidney failure incidence rate increased in the early years of the study period in both expansion and nonexpansion states before stabilizing. After adjustment for population sociodemographic characteristics, Medicaid expansion status was associated with 2.20 fewer incident cases of kidney failure per million adults per quarter in the early postexpansion period (95% CI, −3.89 to −0.51) compared with nonexpansion status, a 3.07% relative reduction (95% CI, −5.43% to −0.72%). In the later postexpansion period, Medicaid expansion status was not associated with a statistically significant change in kidney failure incidence (−0.56 cases per million per quarter; 95% CI, −2.71 to 1.58) compared with nonexpansion status and the pre-expansion time period.ConclusionsThe ACA Medicaid expansion was associated with an initial reduction in kidney failure incidence among the entire, nonelderly, adult population in the United States; but the changes did not persist in the later postexpansion period. Further study is needed to determine the long-term association between Medicaid expansion and changes in kidney failure incidence.

scholarly journals Time Blast Wave Theory for the Expansion of the Universe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
G K Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Blast Wave ◽  
Space Dimension ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
Wave Theory ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Expansion Time ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Time Away ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Strong Agreement

Abstract A new theory is presented and tested that time itself is the phenomenon that causes the expansion of the universe and that without expansion, time would simply not be. The model of the theory accurately matches observed cosmological luminosity data consequently accurately describing the observed expansion of the universe. The theory implies that the universe exploded outwards within the dimension of time with all particles expanding from this event within a time blast sphere. Each space dimension is wrapped around the time dimension and every object that is gravitationally separate within the time blast-wave will progress on their own time trajectory of time away from time zero. This has the effect that all objects will expand or move apart as the time sphere expands. We observe distant, and therefore historic, objects on a spiral timeline. We have modelled the theory and shown strong agreement with luminosity observations both at low and high redshift without the need for a cosmological constant thus indicating that the universe is not accelerating in its expansion. The model in fact predicts it is decelerating. The theory also predicts that the unperturbed speed of time expansion will impose a limit on the universe in terms of the fastest speed possible and the speed that light must always travel at. With this limit and as no object can ever be stationary in the time dimension, but that faster and heavier objects will expand less, the theory consequently leads us to explain why special and general relativity occur. Gravity can be explained by the clumping of matter into the dimension of time causing a localised slowing of expansion subsequently causing time dilation and thus resulting in an attractive force with other objects. By this theory, black holes are not singularities but are simply dimples on the time blast wave front.

ITA Expansion, Time, and Costs

2019 ◽  
pp. 113-140
Author(s):  
Susan D. Franck
Keyword(s):  
Missing Data ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Sociological Perspective ◽  
Descriptive Data ◽  
Expansion Time ◽  
Legal Costs ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 4 initially provides data about the growth of ITA as well as offering a series of frames against which to understand its evolution, including a sociological perspective analyzing changes in ITA’s caseload against Professor Everett’s theory of diffusion of innovations. It next explores other elements of time, namely case length and deliberative delays, by offering descriptive data and testing whether case length has reliably increased over time or whether resolution times vary on the basis of institutions resolving disputes. It then turns to exploring temporal elements related to bifurcation and separate opinions. After providing an explanation of the fiscal costs data particularly related to parties’ legal costs as well as tribunal costs and expenses (and conducting a variety of tests to explore the potential impact of missing data), the last section identifies the reliable relationship between the costs of dispute resolution and the time required to resolve the dispute.

scholarly journals Evolution of defense and herbivory in introduced plants—Testing enemy release using a known source population, herbivore trials, and time since introduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 5451-5463
Author(s):  
Claire R. Brandenburger ◽  
Martin Kim ◽  
Eve Slavich ◽  
Floret L. Meredith ◽  
Juha‐Pekka Salminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enemy Release ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Introduced Plants ◽  
Time Since Introduction

scholarly journals 7.13. The Sgr A East HII complex and associated features

1998 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 317-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keven I. Uchida ◽  
Mark R. Morris ◽  
Gene Serabyn ◽  
David Fong ◽  
Thomas Meseroll
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Massive Star ◽  
Galactic Center ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
H Ii Regions ◽  
Expansion Time ◽  
Sgr A ◽  
Relativistic Particles

The Sgr A East H ii complex consists of 4 compact H ii regions situated just east of and following, in an arc pattern, the edge of the Sgr A East nonthermal shell. Located between the arc of H ii regions and the nonthermal shell is a dense molecular ridge – presumably compressed – known as the “50 km/s cloud”. The hypothesis that these H ii regions delineate massive star formation provoked by the rapid expansion of Sgr A East into the molecular cloud is problematical because of the mismatch of the shell expansion and star formation time scales. We therefore examine the alternative hypothesis that Sgr A East is a quasi-static or slowly expanding structure fed from within by the release of relativistic particles from sources at or near the nucleus. The elongation of SgrA East along the Galactic plane is ascribed to the shear inherent in the velocity field this close to the Galactic center (GC). In this proceeding we discuss our ongoing efforts to model the effects of shear in detail, using the elongation of Sgr A East to constrain its expansion time scale.

Effect of 8 days of exercise-heat acclimation on aerobic exercise performance of men in hypobaric hypoxia

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (1) ◽  
pp. R114-R122
Author(s):  
Roy M. Salgado ◽  
Kirsten E. Coffman ◽  
Karleigh E. Bradbury ◽  
Katherine M. Mitchell ◽  
Beau R. Yurkevicius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Hypobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Acute Mountain Sickness ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Time Trial Performance ◽  
Expansion Time ◽  
Trial Performance

Exercise-heat acclimation (EHA) induces adaptations that improve tolerance to heat exposure. Whether adaptations from EHA can also alter responses to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) conditions remains unclear. This study assessed whether EHA can alter time-trial performance and/or incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) during HH exposure. Thirteen sea-level (SL) resident men [SL peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak) 3.19 ± 0.43 L/min] completed steady-state exercise, followed by a 15-min cycle time trial and assessment of AMS before (HH1; 3,500 m) and after (HH2) an 8-day EHA protocol [120 min; 5 km/h; 2% incline; 40°C and 40% relative humidity (RH)]. EHA induced lower heart rate (HR) and core temperature and plasma volume expansion. Time-trial performance was not different between HH1 and HH2 after 2 h (106.3 ± 23.8 vs. 101.4 ± 23.0 kJ, P = 0.71) or 24 h (107.3 ± 23.4 vs. 106.3 ± 20.8 kJ, P > 0.9). From HH1 to HH2, HR and oxygen saturation, at the end of steady-state exercise and time-trial tests at 2 h and 24 h, were not different ( P > 0.05). Three of 13 volunteers developed AMS during HH1 but not during HH2, whereas a fourth volunteer only developed AMS during HH2. Heat shock protein 70 was not different from HH1 to HH2 at SL [1.9 ± 0.7 vs. 1.8 ± 0.6 normalized integrated intensities (NII), P = 0.97] or after 23 h (1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.7 ± 0.5 NII, P = 0.78) at HH. Our results indicate that this EHA protocol had little to no effect—neither beneficial nor detrimental—on exercise performance in HH. EHA may reduce AMS in those who initially developed AMS; however, studies at higher elevations, having higher incidence rates, are needed to confirm our findings.

Expansion Time Rate of Gases

1947 ◽  
Vol 00 (71) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
W. D. MUNROE
Keyword(s):  
Time Rate ◽  
Expansion Time

The Effects of Expansion Time Constants on the Objective Performance of Hearing Instrument Users

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (08) ◽  
pp. 614-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick N. Plyler ◽  
Ashley Blair Hill ◽  
Timothy D. Trine
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Time Constant ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Connected Speech ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Speech Test ◽  
Hearing In Noise ◽  
Expansion Time ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
Noise Test

The present study investigated the effects of expansion time constants on the objective performance of 20 hearing instrument users fitted binaurally with digital in-the-ear products. Objective performance was evaluated in quiet using the Connected Speech Test and in noise using the Hearing in Noise Test. Results indicated that objective performance in quiet and in noise decreased as the expansion time constant increased. Furthermore, expansion time constants affected the objective performance of listeners with varying degrees of hearing loss in a similar manner.

BEHAVIOR OF COULOMB-HYDRODYNAMIC EXPLOSION OF DEUTERIUM CLUSTERS

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (06) ◽  
pp. 289-294
Author(s):  
WEI-KE AN ◽  
XI-JUN QIU ◽  
YI JIANG ◽  
ZHI-YUAN ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Expansion Time ◽  
Deuterium Clusters ◽  
Ion Cluster

Considering the Coulomb-hydrodynamic explosion induced by the interaction of a deuterium cluster target with ultra-intensity femtosecond laser, the mechanism which generates energetic deuterium nuclei for the fusion has been analyzed. The formulas for expansions of the deuterium ion cluster, which are driven by the Coulomb-hydrodynamic explosion, are proposed. Hence the kinetic energies of deuterium nuclei and the expansion time of deuterium ion cluster have been estimated.

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