White seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) increasingly experience periods of low oxygen (O2; hypoxia) and high carbon dioxide (CO2, hypercapnia) due to climate change and eutrophication of the coastal waters of California. Hemoglobin (Hb) is the principal O2 carrier in the blood and in many teleost fishes Hb-O2 binding is compromised at low pH; however, the red blood cells (RBC) of some species regulate intracellular pH with adrenergically-stimulated sodium-proton-exchangers (β-NHE). We hypothesized that RBC β-NHEs in white seabass are an important mechanism that can protect the blood O2-carrying capacity during hypoxia and hypercapnia. We determined the O2-binding characteristics of white seabass blood, the cellular and sub-cellular response of RBCs to adrenergic stimulation, and quantified the protective effect of β-NHE activity on Hb-O2 saturation. White seabass had typical teleost Hb characteristics, with a moderate O2 affinity (PO2 at half-saturation; P50 2.9 kPa) that was highly pH-sensitive (Bohr coefficient -0.92; Root effect 52%). Novel findings from super-resolution microscopy revealed β-NHE protein in vesicle-like structures and its translocation into the membrane after adrenergic stimulation. Microscopy data were corroborated by molecular and phylogenetic results, and a functional characterization of β-NHE activity. The activation of RBC β-NHEs increased Hb-O2 saturation by ~8% in normoxic hypercapnia, and by up to ~20% in hypoxic normocapnia. Our results provide novel insight into the cellular mechanism of adrenergic RBC stimulation within an ecologically relevant context. β-NHE activity in white seabass has great potential to protect arterial O2 transport during hypoxia and hypercapnia but is less effective during combinations of these stressors.
FALCON: fast and unbiased reconstruction of high-density super-resolution microscopy data