scholarly journals Brown adipose tissue genes in pericardial adipose tissue of newborn sheep are downregulated by maternal nutrient restriction in late gestation

2013 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 246-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shalini Ojha ◽  
Lindsay Robinson ◽  
Momina Yazdani ◽  
Michael E. Symonds ◽  
Helen Budge
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Pericardial Adipose Tissue

Cortisol has no effect on prolactin receptor (PRLR) abundance in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in late gestation fetal sheep

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. A39-A39
Author(s):  
S. Pearce ◽  
H. Budge ◽  
A. Forhead ◽  
A. Fowden ◽  
P. Ingleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Brown Adipose

Fetal and neonatal adipose maturation: a primary site of cytokine and cytokine-receptor action

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Stephenson ◽  
H. Budge ◽  
A. Mostyn ◽  
S. Pearce ◽  
R. Webb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Brown Adipose

During late gestation, the maturation of fetal adipose tissue is geared towards the synthesis of high levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which is unique to brown adipose tissue. At birth, rapid activation of UCP1 ensures a large increase in heat production. These adaptations are nutritionally sensitive, and may be mediated in part by rapid changes in prolactin and leptin secretion after birth. Restriction of maternal nutrition reduces adipose tissue deposition, with no effect on UCP1. Increased maternal food intake results in increases in levels of UCP1 and the short form of the prolactin receptor, but in a decrease in adipose tissue content per kg of fetus. The ontogeny of the long and short forms of the prolactin receptor follows that of UCP1, to peak at birth. Then, during postnatal life, UCP1 disappears in parallel with the loss of prolactin receptors. Treatment of neonatal lambs with prolactin increases body temperature and the thermogenic potential of brown adipose tissue. In contrast, acute leptin treatment results in maintenance of colonic temperature, but chronic leptin treatment accelerates UCP1 loss. Increasing our understanding of the interaction between prolactin and leptin during perinatal development may enable the establishment of strategies aimed at maximizing adipose tissue development in order to promote metabolic adaptation to the extra-uterine environment.

scholarly journals Timing of nutrient restriction and programming of fetal adipose tissue development

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Symonds ◽  
Sarah Pearce ◽  
Jayson Bispham ◽  
David S. Gardner ◽  
Terence Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Nutrient Restriction ◽  
Adult Obesity ◽  
Uncoupling Protein 1 ◽  
Voltage Dependent Anion Channel ◽  
Brown Adipose

It is apparent from epidemiological studies that the timing of maternal nutrient restriction has a major influence on outcome in terms of predisposing the resulting offspring to adult obesity. The present review will consider the extent to which maternal age, parity and nutritional restriction at defined stages of gestation can have important effects on fat deposition and endocrine sensitivity of adipose tissue in the offspring. For example, in 1-year-old sheep the offspring of juvenile mothers have substantially reduced fat deposition compared with those born to adult mothers. Offspring of primiparous adult mothers, however, show increased adiposity compared with those born to multiparous mothers. These offspring of multiparous ewes show retained abundance of the brown adipose tissue-specific uncoupling protein 1 at 1 month of age. A stimulated rate of metabolism in brown fat of these offspring may act to reduce adipose tissue deposition in later life. In terms of defined windows of development that can programme adipose tissue growth, maternal nutrient restriction targetted over the period of maximal placental growth results in increased adiposity at term in conjunction with enhanced abundance of mRNA for the insulin-like growth factor-I and -II receptors. In contrast, nutrient restriction in late gestation, coincident with the period of maximal fetal growth, has no major effect on adiposity but results in greater abundance of specific mitochondrial proteins, i.e. voltage-dependent anion channel and/or uncoupling protein 2. These adaptations may increase the predisposal of these offspring to adult obesity. Increasing maternal nutrition in late gestation, however, can result in proportionately less fetal adipose tissue deposition in conjunction with enhanced abundance of uncoupling protein 1.

Effect of maternal glucose infusion on brown adipose tissue and liver development in the neonatal lamb

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Clarke ◽  
DC Andrews ◽  
MA Lomax ◽  
ME Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Liver Development ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Maternal Glucose

The effect of maternal glucose infusion over the final 5-7 days of gestation in under-fed ewes on perirenal brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver development in lambs over the first month of neonatal life was examined. During glucose infusion, higher maternal plasma concentrations of glucose and thyroid hormones, and lower plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate were observed, compared with saline-infused controls. These differences were not observed 1-1.5 h before parturition when plasma concentrations of glucose, lactate, cortisol and thyroid hormones all increased in control ewes. Lamb birthweight and liver and BAT weights were similar between groups, but lambs born to glucose-infused ewes had a higher hepatic glycogen content and greater iodothyronine 5'deiodinase activities in liver and BAT. The norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine contents were also greater in BAT sampled from lambs born to glucose infused ewes. Three lambs born to glucose-infused ewes failed to survive beyond the second week of life and exhibited abnormally low plasma triiodothyronine concentrations. It is concluded that maternal glucose infusion stimulates development of the fetal sympathetic nervous system during late gestation but this adaptation does not appear to improve postnatal survival.

The effect of maternal arginine supplementation on the development of the thermogenic program in the ovine fetus

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1843 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. McCoard ◽  
N. Wards ◽  
J. Koolaard ◽  
M. Senna Salerno
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Ovine Fetus ◽  
Arginine Supplementation

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialised fat store that is metabolised by the newborn lamb to ensure effective adaptation to the cold challenge of the extra-uterine environment. Increasing BAT reserves therefore has the potential to increase neonatal thermogenesis and survival. It is established that arginine supplementation can increase fetal BAT stores but the biological mechanisms involved are unclear. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that increased fetal BAT stores resulting from maternal arginine supplementation is mediated by activation of the thermogenic program. Brown adipose tissue was collected from fetuses of ewes supplemented with arginine from 100 to 140 days of gestation. Increased peri-renal fat stores in fetuses from arginine-supplemented ewes was associated with an increase in uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and PRD1-BF-1-RIZ1 homologous domain containing protein-16 expression, but not proliferator-activated receptor gamma or proliferator-activated receptor gamma-co-activator-1α in BAT. The activity of UCP-1 is regulated by hormones including cortisol and thyroid hormones. Cortisol level in fetuses from supplemented sheep was 68% greater than those from control ewes, indicating that cortisol may control upregulation of UCP-1 expression in the ovine neonate. The DNA and RNA concentration in BAT of both groups suggest that increased peri-renal fat stores is not associated with an increase in cell number or number of ribosomes, but rather an increase in the size of individual fat cells. Collectively, these results indicate that maternal arginine supplementation during mid to late gestation improved the thermoregulatory ability of lambs and this could potentially increase their survival in early life.

Effect of fetal thyroidectomy on brown adipose tissue and thermoregulation in newborn lambs

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 995 ◽  
Author(s):  
SJ Schermer ◽  
JA Bird ◽  
MA Lomax ◽  
DA Shepherd ◽  
ME Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Guanosine Diphosphate ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Colonic Temperature ◽  
Shivering Thermogenesis

The effect of fetal thyroidectomy on thermoregulation in newborn lambs was investigated. Seven of 14 lambs born normally at term were thyroidectomized at Day 127 of gestation. Colonic temperature and oxygen consumption were measured during non-rapid eye movement sleep 6-45 h after birth. All lambs were then killed and perirenal brown adipose tissue was sampled for measurement of thermogenic activity (guanosine diphosphate binding), uncoupling protein and lipid contents. Thyroidectomized lambs tended to have a mean colonic temperature 2.35 degrees C lower (P = 0.067) than controls and two became hypothermic (i.e. colonic temperature < 35 degrees C). Thyroidectomized lambs exhibited lower rates of oxygen consumption (P = 0.05) and an increased incidence of shivering thermogenesis. The perirenal adipose tissue of these lambs had a lower thermogenic activity (P < 0.01), less uncoupling protein (P < 0.01) and higher lipid content (P = 0.072) compared with intact controls. It is concluded that fetal thyroidectomy results in a decreased ability of newborn lambs to utilize nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue as well as increasing the incidence of hypothermia. These changes are associated with decreased synthesis of uncoupling protein and functional development of brown adipose tissue in the late gestation fetus.

scholarly journals Maternal manipulation of brown adipose tissue and liver development in the ovine fetus during late gestation

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 871-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne Clarke ◽  
Michael J. Bryant ◽  
Michael A. Lomax ◽  
Michael E. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Liver Development ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mitochondrial Uncoupling ◽  
Brown Adipose

AbstractWe examined the effect of maternal chronic cold exposure, induced by winter-shearing ewes 4 weeks before their predicted lambing date, on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver development in lambs. Fetuses were sampled from under-fed (60% of energy requirements for maintenance and pregnancy of an unshorn ewe) shorn or unshorn ewes at 126,140 and 145 d of gestation. Lambs were sampled from ewes within 2 h of birth. Throughout gestation fetal body, BAT and liver weights were similar in shorn and unshorn groups. The level of GDP binding to mitochondrial uncoupling protein remained low throughout gestation, but increased dramatically after birth. Lambs born to shorn ewes possesd more mitochondrial protein and exhibited a significantly higher total thermogenic activity in BAT. Type I iodothyronine 5 deiodinas(EC 3.8.1.4) activity in BAT peaked at birth, as did hepatic iodothyronine Sdeiodinase activity and was significantly greater in lambs born to under-fed shorn ewes, which exhibited a higher plasma triiodothyronine concentration. Chronic maternal adaptations to prolonged cold exposure appear to enable pregnant ewes to compensate for the negative effects of under-feeding on fetal growth and development

The noradrenaline content and innervation of brown adipose tissue in the young rabbit

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-567
Author(s):  
W. H. Harris ◽  
D. O. Foster ◽  
S. W. Y. Ma ◽  
S. Yamashiro ◽  
L. A. Langlais-Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Brown Adipocyte ◽  
Electron Microscopic Level ◽  
Young Rabbit ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Brown Adipose

This work examined the noradrenaline content of brown adipose tissue, the metabolic response to endogenous noradrenaline released during tyramine infusion, and the innervation of brown fat at the electron microscopic level in the young rabbit. The noradrenaline content (ng/g) of the interscapular and cervical fat deposits ranged from 256 ± 51 to 343 ± 59 and 399 ± 18 to 694 ± 92, respectively, in four groups of rabbits (1–2, 7–8, 12–13, and 25–27 days of age). There was considerable variation amongst animals in each age group, but no evidence of a major increase or decrease in noradrenaline content during the first 4 weeks of life. Intravenous infusion of tyramine (100 μg∙kg−1∙min−1) increased plasma noradrenaline concentration, oxygen consumption, and blood flow to brown fat. Thus noradrenaline released from endogenous sites, as well as injected noradrenaline, will initiate the thermogenic response of brown fat. Ultrastructurally, unmyelinated axons that were not organized in a fascicle were observed adjacent to the adipocytes in the late gestation fetus. By 1 week of age of axons were surrounded by Schwann cell cytoplasm which formed a fascicle. However, no evidence of myelination was found up to 21 days of age. Collectively, the data indicate that the brown adipocyte is fully responsive at 1–2 days of age even though myelination of the nerves is incomplete, and that the incomplete development of the sympathetic nerves at birth is not a factor in the synthesis of noradrenaline in the very young rabbit. In addition, brown fat of the newborn rabbit is not as thermogenically active as the brown fat of the cold-acclimated rat.

Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Richard ◽  
Hannah Pallubinsky ◽  
Denis P. Blondin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
And Function

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.

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